intermolecular forces 2

• What are induced dipole-dipole interactions also known as?

  London dispersion forces
• How are induced dipole-dipole interactions formed?

  From temporary dipoles
• What causes the formation of temporary dipoles?

  The constant motion of electron clouds
• What happens to electron density in a temporary dipole?

  It can shift to different sides of the molecule
• What are the characteristics of temporary dipoles?

  They have partial charges that change rapidly
• How does a temporary dipole affect nearby molecules?

  It induces dipoles in nearby molecules
• What is an induced dipole interaction?

  Attraction between an induced dipole and an initial dipole
• What factors affect the strength of London dispersion forces?

  The number of electrons in a molecule
• Why do molecules with many electrons have stronger London dispersion forces?

  They have larger fluctuations in electron density
• What are permanent dipole-dipole interactions?

  Interactions between two permanently polar molecules
• What defines a permanent dipole?

  A molecule with a δ- on one side and a δ+ on the other
• How do permanent dipoles interact with each other?

  The δ+ of one attracts the δ- of another
• What type of molecules can exhibit permanent dipole-dipole interactions?

  Polar molecules
• What are hydrogen bonds?

  Strong permanent dipole-permanent dipole forces
• When do hydrogen bonds occur?

  When hydrogen is bonded to electronegative elements
• Which elements can form hydrogen bonds with hydrogen?

  Oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine
• Why does hydrogen form strong bonds with electronegative elements?

  It develops a strong δ+ charge
• What is the significance of hydrogen's small size in bonding?

  It leads to high charge density
• What are the types of intermolecular forces discussed?

  • Induced dipole-dipole interactions (London dispersion forces)
  • Permanent dipole-dipole interactions
  • Hydrogen bonds
• What are the strengths of different intermolecular forces?

  • London dispersion forces: weakest
  • Permanent dipole-dipole interactions: second strongest
  • Hydrogen bonds: strongest
• What are the characteristics of polar molecules?

  • Have permanent dipoles
  • Exhibit permanent dipole-dipole interactions
  • Can form hydrogen bonds with specific elements