4.7 Changing Social hierarchies

• What did John Easton claim about the English and Native Americans?

  They made them drunk and cheated them
• What is the essential question regarding challenges to state power?

  How did internal and external challenges occur?
• What types of challenges did empires face between 1450 and 1750?

  • Social challenges
  • Political challenges
  • Economic challenges
• What civil disturbances occurred in France between 1648 and 1653?

  The Fronde civil disturbances
• What was Metacom’s War also known as?

  King Philip’s War
• What tactics did English colonists use that led to Metacom’s War?

  Underhanded tactics against indigenous peoples
• Who became the ruler of Ndongo in 1624?

  Ana Nzinga
• What did Nzinga do in response to Portuguese slave raids?

  Allied with the Dutch for protection
• What happened to Nzinga's alliance with the Dutch?

  The alliance eventually broke down
• What did Nzinga do after fleeing west?

  She took over the state of Matamba
• How did serfdom in Russia differ from Western Europe by the 14th century?

  Conditions for serfs worsened in Russia
• What caused the increase in power of the nobility in Russia during the 15th century?

  Weakening of the central government
• What did nobles impose on serfs as demand for grain increased?

  Harsh conditions
• What was the impact of heavy tribute and taxes on Russian peasants?

  Increased debts and loss of land
• How did serfdom benefit the Russian government?

  It kept peasants under control
• What law chained Russian serfs to their lands in 1649?

  A law ensuring their service to landlords
• Who were the Cossacks?

  Skilled fighters and runaway serfs
• What role did Cossacks play in Russian expansion?

  They defended against various forces
• Who led a peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great in 1774?

  Yemelyan Pugachev
• What did Pugachev falsely claim during his rebellion?

  To be Catherine’s murdered husband
• What was the outcome of the Pugachev Rebellion?

  Catherine increased oppression of peasants
• What empire controlled much of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries?

  The Mughal Empire
• What did the Maratha warrior group do against the Mughals?

  Fought in a series of battles
• What was the result of the Maratha's battles against the Mughals?

  Creation of the Hindu Maratha Empire
• What revolt occurred in New Mexico in 1680?

  The Pueblo Revolt
• What did the Pueblo and Apache fight against during the Pueblo Revolt?

  Forced religious conversions by colonizers
• What was the outcome of the Pueblo Revolt?

  Indigenous people drove out the Spaniards
• What did England gain control of in 1655?

  Much of Jamaica
• Who were the Maroons?

  Descendants of runaway African slaves
• What did Queen Nanny do for the Maroons in Jamaica?

  United all the maroons of the island
• What was the first recorded slave revolt in the United States?

  The Gloucester County Rebellion
• What was the outcome of the Gloucester County Rebellion?

  It was quickly put down
• What was the final major effort of indigenous people in New England?

  Metacom’s War
• What did Metacom’s War result in for the Wampanoag people?

  Subjugation to the English colonists
• What was the Glorious Revolution of 1688?

  William of Orange invaded England
• What was the effect of the Glorious Revolution on the English throne?

  It remained in Protestant hands
• What were the internal and external challenges to state powers listed in the study material?

  • Portugal: Dutch and English pushed out
  • France: Fronde civil disturbances
• What role did the Dutch and English play in relation to Portugal in South Asia?

  They pushed the Portuguese out
• What was the significance of the Fronde civil disturbances in France?

  They attempted to curb royal power
• What was the impact of the Maratha Empire on Mughal rule?

  It effectively ended Mughal rule in India