Cards (57)

    • What type of infection is Yaws?
      Chronic contagious treponemal infection
    • What is the causative agent of Yaws?
      Treponema pallidum ssp. pertenue
    • How long is the Treponema pallidum ssp. pertenue bacterium?
      20µM in length
    • How does Treponema pallidum ssp. pertenue appear under a microscope?
      It occurs in 8-12 rigid spirals
    • Where does the Yaws agent occur in the body?
      In lesions, lymph glands, spleen, and bone marrow
    • Who first described Yaws in 1807?
      William Mariner
    • How did Thomas Sydenham refer to Yaws?
      As 'familial syphilis'
    • When did the World Health Assembly recognize Yaws as part of endemic treponematoses?
      1949
    • What significant program was initiated in the 1950s regarding Yaws?
      Yaws eradication programme
    • How many cases of Yaws were reported in the 1990s?
      1. 5 million cases
    • In which regions is Yaws typically found?
      Tropical areas of Africa, South America, and Asia
    • What was the WHO estimate of Yaws cases?
      450,000 cases
    • In what year was Yaws eliminated in India?
      2006
    • What did the WHO announce in 2007 regarding Yaws?
      Return of the disease in several regions
    • What did the 2010 surveys reveal about Yaws?
      It persisted and became attenuated
    • What is the major route of Yaws transmission?
      Direct person-person contact
    • How is Yaws not transmitted?
      Not transmitted venereally
    • Which sex is more commonly affected by Yaws?
      Males
    • What age group is primarily affected by Yaws?
      Childhood and adolescence
    • Is there natural immunity to Yaws in humans?
      No natural immunity exists
    • What climate is Yaws endemic in?
      Warm and humid regions
    • What social factors contribute to Yaws prevalence?
      Poor cleanliness and overcrowding
    • What are the clinical stages of Yaws?
      • Primary
      • Secondary
      • Tertiary
    • What characterizes the primary stage of Yaws?
      Primary lesions at the site of innoculation
    • What happens to Yaws lesions in most patients?
      They disappear spontaneously
    • What are common complications of Yaws lesions?
      Secondary bacterial infections and scarring
    • What is the incubation period for Yaws?
      2 weeks to 6 months
    • What symptoms are included in the prodromal period of Yaws?
      Headache, weakness, chills, fever, arthralgia
    • How do primary lesions of Yaws progress?
      From papule to macule to papilloma
    • How does Treponeme disseminate in the body?
      Through bloodstream and lymphatics
    • What characterizes papillomatous lesions of Yaws?
      Painless nodules with abundant spirochaetes
    • What occurs in the secondary stage of Yaws?
      Macules, papules, nodules, and ulceration
    • What is Framboesia in the context of Yaws?
      No pain, then falls off
    • What characterizes the tertiary stage of Yaws?
      Gummatous lesions near bones and joints
    • What deformities can develop in untreated Yaws patients?
      Sabre shins, gangosa, hyperkeratosis
    • What laboratory tests are used for Yaws diagnosis?
      Neotreponemal tests like RPR and VDRL
    • What do confirmatory treponemal tests include?
      TPHA, MHA-TP, FTA-ABS
    • What can dark-field examination of early lesions reveal?
      Positive results for treponemes
    • What histologic findings are typical of early Yaws?
      Papillomatous epidermal hyperplasia and spongiosis
    • How can Yaws be diagnosed?
      Dark field microscopy and serological tests