electron configuration

• what is an orbital ?


  an orbital is a region within an atom that can hold up to 2 electrons with opposite spins
• what the the shape of s orbitals 


  spherical
• what are the shape of p orbitals 


  dumbbell shaped along x, y and z axes ( so they are 3d)
• how many orbitals can s sub-shells contain 


  1 orbital, so 2 electrons max
• how many orbitals can p sub-shells contain 


  3 orbitals, so 6 electrons max
• how many orbitals can d sub-shells contain 


  5 orbitals, so 10 electrons max
• how many orbitals can f sub-shells contain 


  7 orbitals so 14 electrons max
• what is the aufbau principle 


  the lowest energy levels are filled first
• what is the order of filling


  1s>2s>2p>3s>3p>4s>3d>4p>5s>4d>5p>6s> ect ..
• what sub shell is always filled first 


  1s sub shell
• what is the Pauli exclusion principle 


  electrons within the same orbital must have different spin directions
• what is hunds rule


  within the same energy level, elctrons spread themselves to remain unpaired until pairing is required
• how can you shorten electron configuration 


  by substituting in the Nobel gas from the period above only
• what are exceptions to the normal election configuration and what are there electron configurations 


  cr (chromium ) [Ar] 4s1, 3d5

  Cu (copper) [Ar] 4s1 3d10