Hazards

• What is a hazard?

  A potential threat to human life and property
• What are the three major types of geographical hazards?

  • Geophysical
  • Atmospheric
  • Hydrological
• What causes geophysical hazards?

  Land processes, mainly tectonic plates
• What are examples of atmospheric hazards?

  Weather systems like wildfires
• What causes hydrological hazards?

  Water bodies and their movement
• What are the aspects of hazards?

  • Incidence: frequency of a hazard
  • Intensity: power of a hazard
  • Magnitude: size of the hazard
  • Distribution: where hazards occur
  • Level of development: affects response to hazards
• What does incidence refer to in hazards?

  The frequency of a hazard
• How is intensity defined in the context of hazards?

  The power of a hazard
• What does magnitude measure in hazards?

  The size of the hazard
• How does the level of development affect hazard response?

  It influences how a place can respond
• How do human perceptions of hazards vary?

  • Different viewpoints on danger
  • Influenced by lifestyle factors
  • Economic and cultural factors play a role
• What is fatalism in the context of hazard response?

  The belief hazards are uncontrollable events
• What does prediction involve in hazard management?

  Using research to know when hazards will occur
• What is adaptation in hazard response?

  Adjusting lifestyle choices to lessen vulnerability
• What is mitigation in the context of hazards?

  Strategies to lessen the severity of a hazard
• What does management refer to in hazard response?

  Coordinated strategies to reduce hazard effects
• What is risk sharing in community preparedness?

  Community invests collectively to mitigate impacts
• How do aspects of hazards affect human responses?

  • Higher magnitude requires more management
  • Low incidence makes prediction harder
• What does the Park Model illustrate?

  • Steps in hazard recovery
  • Time frame for recovery
  • Comparison of recovery in different income countries
• What is the first stage of the Park Model?

  Relief
• What occurs during the relief stage of the Park Model?

  Immediate local response and foreign aid appeal
• What is the second stage of the Park Model?

  Rehabilitation
• What happens during the rehabilitation stage of the Park Model?

  Services begin to be restored
• What is the third stage of the Park Model?

  Reconstruction
• What occurs during the reconstruction stage of the Park Model?

  Restoring area to normal quality of life
• What are the stages of the Hazard Management Cycle?

  1. Preparedness
  2. Response
  3. Recovery
  4. Mitigation

  
• What does preparedness involve in hazard management?

  Being ready for an event to occur
• What is the response stage in the Hazard Management Cycle?

  Immediate action taken after an event

  
• What does recovery refer to in the Hazard Management Cycle?

  Long-term responses restoring services

  
• What is mitigation in the Hazard Management Cycle?

  Strategies to lessen effects of another hazard
• What are the layers of the Earth?

  • Inner core
  • Outer core
  • Mantle
  • Asthenosphere
  • Lithosphere
  • Crust

  
• What is the inner core made of?

  Solid ball of iron and nickel
• Why is the inner core very hot?

  Due to pressure and radioactive decay
• What is the outer core like?

  Semi-molten iron and nickel
• What is the mantle mainly composed of?

  Rocks high in silicon
• What is the asthenosphere?

  Semi-molten layer beneath the lithosphere
• How do convection currents affect tectonic plates?

  They push and pull plates in different directions

  
• What are tectonic plates?

  Large slabs of rock in the lithosphere
• What are the different types of plate boundaries?

  • Destructive plate margins
  • Constructive plate margins
  • Conservative plate margins
• What happens at destructive plate boundaries?

  Plates move towards each other