Communication

• What is a symbol in communication?

  A pattern of bits represented by a signal
• What does Baud rate measure?

  Number of signal changes per second
• How is Baud rate defined?

  1 Baud equals 1 symbol change per second
• What does bit rate refer to?

  Number of bits transmitted per second
• How is bit rate calculated?

  Bit rate = Baud rate × bits per signal
• When is bit rate higher than Baud rate?

  When more than one bit is sent per signal
• What is Bandwidth
• What is the relationship between bandwidth and bit rate?

  Higher bandwidth results in higher bit rate
• How is latency measured?

  In milliseconds
• What does latency indicate in communication?

  Time difference between when data is sent and when data is recieved
• What is a protocol in communication?

  A set of rules for device communication
• What are the two ways computers transmit data?

  Serially or in parallel
• How does serial data transmission work?

  Data is sent one bit at a time
• When is serial data transmission commonly used?

  For medium to long distances
• What is the advantage of parallel data transmission?

  More data can be transferred simultaneously
• What issue can arise from parallel data transmission?

  Skew can cause bits to arrive differently
• What is skew in data transmission?

  Bits sent together may not be received together
• Why is parallel data transmission more expensive?

  It uses multiple communication lines
• Where is parallel data transmission most often used?

  Over short distances within components
• What is crosstalk in parallel data transmission?

  Signals leaking from one line to another
• What are the advantages of serial over parallel transmission?

  More reliable, no skew or crosstalk
• Where is synchronous transmission the most suitable?

  Suitable for transmitting information in real-time systems
• What is synchronous transmission?

  Data is sent using a shared clock signal
• How are signals sent in synchronous transmission?

  At regular intervals in the same order
• What is asynchronous transmission?

  Using start and stop bits to indicate the duration of a transmission
• What do start and stop bits indicate?and what's a key point to make regarding each other

  The duration of a transmission. A key point is that the start and stop bit should always be opposite each other

  
• What must sender and receiver synchronize in asynchronous transmission?

  Their clocks for the duration of transmission
• What must the sender and receiver use in asynchronous transmission?

  The same Baud rate
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of synchronous and asynchronous transmission?

  • Synchronous:
  • Advantages: Timed signals, suitable for real-time systems
  • Disadvantages: Requires shared clock signal
  • Asynchronous:
  • Advantages: No shared clock needed, flexible
  • Disadvantages: Start and stop bits increase overhead
• What does Latency indicate in Communication?


  Time difference between when data is sent and when data is received