Sensation and perception

• What theory explains how multiple visual cues contribute to depth perception?

  Cue theory

  
• How does binocular vision contribute to depth perception?

  By comparing slightly different images from each eye

  
• What is one type of monocular cue that helps in depth perception?

  Overlap or interposition

  
• Name another monocular cue besides overlap used for depth perception.

  Relative size

  
• How do oculomotor cues contribute to depth perception?

  Through eye movements like convergence

  
• What type of depth cue involves movement?

  Kinetic cues

  
• What are the main categories of visual cues used in depth perception?

  • Binocular cues
  • Monocular cues
  • Oculomotor cues
  • Kinetic cues

  
• What is another term used for kinetic depth cues?

  Movement parallax

  
• How do static monocular cues differ from kinetic depth cues in their reliance on information?

  Static monocular cues rely on stationary aspects of the scene, while kinetic cues rely on movement to determine depth.

  
• What are the two main types of photoreceptor cells in the retina?

  • Rods
  • Cones

  
• What do rods primarily detect?

  Light levels below the detection threshold of cones.

  
• What are cones responsible for in vision?

  Color vision and sharp vision in bright light.

  
• What are the three types of cones in the human eye and their peak wavelength sensitivities?

  • S cones: 420 nm
  • M cones: 530 nm
  • L cones: 560 nm

  
• Why are three types of cones necessary for color vision?

  To perceive a wider range of colors by comparing the signals from different cone types.

  
• What are the two possible outcomes when a stimulus is present in a signal detection task?

  Hit and Miss

  
• What are the two possible responses when a stimulus is absent in a signal detection task?

  False Alarm and Correct Rejection

  
• What are the four possible outcomes in a signal detection task and their definitions?

  • Hit: Correctly identifying a present stimulus
  • Miss: Failing to identify a present stimulus
  • False Alarm: Incorrectly identifying an absent stimulus
  • Correct Rejection: Correctly identifying an absent stimulus

  
• How does the signal detection matrix help in evaluating performance in signal detection tasks?

  It allows calculation of hit rate, false alarm rate, and other performance metrics to evaluate the ability to detect a signal

  
• What is the color perceived when the outputs from medium and long wavelength cones are combined?

  Yellow

  
• How do medium and long wavelength cones contribute to color perception?

  • Medium wavelength cones detect green light
  • Long wavelength cones detect red light
  • When both are stimulated, they result in the perception of yellow

  
• Explain the process of perceiving yellow color from photoreceptor outputs.

  1. Medium wavelength cones detect green light
  2. Long wavelength cones detect red light
  3. The brain receives inputs from both
  4. The combination of green and red stimuli creates the perception of yellow

  
• What are the two main types of photoreceptors involved in color vision?

  Medium and long wavelength cones

  
• What are the three main types of cells in the retina?

  Input cells, interneurons, and output cells

  
• What is the function of output cells in the retina?

  • Receive information from interneurons
  • Transmit signals out of the retina
  • Send information to the brain

  
• What is the role of interneurons in the retina?

  • Process information from input cells
  • Integrate signals from multiple sources
  • Relay information to output cells

  
• Where are cone photoreceptors located in the eye?

  In the fovea

  
• What is the role of cone photoreceptors in vision?

  • Enable color vision
  • Provide sharp central vision (acuity)
  • Primarily responsible for daytime vision

  
• What type of photoreceptor enables color vision?

  Cone photoreceptors

  
• Why do cone photoreceptors allow for sharp central vision?

  Because they are concentrated in the fovea

  
• In which type of vision are cone photoreceptors primarily involved?

  Daytime vision

  
• What term describes when the visual fields of the two eyes overlap?

  Binocular vision

  
• What do the images illustrate about the visual field of the left and right eyes?

  • Each eye has a slightly different visual field due to their lateral position on the head.
  • The two visual fields overlap in the center, creating binocular vision.

  
• What is the term used to describe the process shown in the graph?

  Acquisition

  
• How does the strength of a conditioned response typically change during acquisition?

  It increases gradually over time

  
• What does "n" represent on the x-axis?

  The total number of trials

  
• What defines the acquisition phase in classical conditioning?

  • The process of learning a new conditioned response
  • Strength of response increases with each trial
  • As number of trials increases, strength of response approaches asymptote

  
• If an animal is being conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, what would happen during the acquisition phase?

  Salivation would initially be low and would increase with each presentation of the bell

  
• What are the two principal vascular systems of the eye?

  • Choroidal blood vessels
  • Retinal blood vessels

  
• Why are the choroidal blood vessels larger than the retinal blood vessels?

  Choroidal vessels have a larger diameter to supply sufficient blood flow to the choroid layer

  
• What layer of the eye do retinal blood vessels serve?

  Retina