cholera

    Cards (50)

    • What type of disease is cholera?
      Acute diarrhoeal disease
    • How quickly can cholera kill if untreated?
      Within hours
    • Who does cholera primarily affect?
      People with inadequate access to safe water
    • What factors increase the risk of cholera?
      Conflict, urbanization, and climate change
    • In how many countries is cholera endemic?
      More than 50 countries
    • What percentage of infected individuals show no or mild symptoms?
      Most infected individuals
    • What is critical for preventing cholera transmission?
      Safe water and basic sanitation
    • What is the target of the global roadmap to 2030 for cholera control?
      Reduce cholera deaths by 90%
    • What type of vaccines are available for cholera?
      Oral cholera vaccines
    • What is the causative organism of cholera?
      Vibrio cholerae
    • What shape is the Vibrio cholerae bacterium?
      Comma-shaped
    • What are the dimensions of Vibrio cholerae?
      1. 3 µm by 0.5-0.8 µm
    • Which serogroups of V. cholerae cause outbreaks?
      O1 and O139
    • What is the significance of V. cholerae O139?
      First identified in Bangladesh in 1992
    • What is the difference in illness caused by serogroups O1 and O139?
      No difference in illness
    • What is necessary for epidemics to occur?
      Vibrios secreting Cholera Toxin
    • Who identified the bacterium Vibrio cholerae?
      Filippo Pacini
    • When did Robert Koch discover the cholera bacillus?
      In 1884
    • How many cholera pandemics have occurred since 1817?
      Seven cholera pandemics
    • Where did cholera spread from during the 19th century?
      Ganges delta in India
    • When did the current (seventh) cholera pandemic start?
      In 1961
    • What was the geographical pattern of cholera cases in 2023?
      32% reduction in Middle East, 125% increase in Africa
    • What is the estimated number of cholera cases each year?
      1. 9 million cases
    • What is a significant risk factor for cholera transmission?
      Lack of access to clean water
    • What is the incubation period for cholera?
      12 hours to 5 days
    • What are the symptoms of severe cholera?
      Intense diarrhoea and violent vomiting
    • What is the main cause of death in cholera patients?
      Dehydration and loss of electrolytes
    • What is the mainstay of cholera treatment?
      Oral rehydration solution
    • What should children under 5 receive during cholera treatment?
      Zinc for 10 days
    • What is the role of antibiotics in severe cholera cases?
      Reduce volume of diarrhoea and duration
    • What is the aim of the Global Task Force on Cholera Control?
      Reduce cholera deaths by 90%
    • How many WHO pre-qualified oral cholera vaccines are there?
      Three vaccines
    • What is the difference between Shanchol and Euvichol-Plus®?
      Same vaccine formula, different manufacturers
    • How many doses are required for full protection from cholera vaccines?
      Two doses
    • What is the multifaceted approach to cholera control?
      • Improve water and sanitation
      • Implement disease surveillance
      • Enhance case management
      • Use vaccines in high-risk areas
    • What are the symptoms of cholera in humans?
      • Subclinical: asymptomatic or minor forms
      • Moderate: frequent watery stools, dehydration
      • Severe: intense diarrhoea, violent vomiting, hypovolemic shock
    • What are the key components of cholera treatment?
      • Oral rehydration solution
      • Intravenous fluids for severe cases
      • Antibiotics to reduce diarrhoea volume
      • Zinc for children under 5
    • What are the main risk factors for cholera transmission?
      • Inadequate access to clean water
      • Poor social and economic environments
      • Humanitarian crises disrupting sanitation
      • Seasonal and environmental factors
    • What are the historical milestones in cholera research?
      • Filippo Pacini identified Vibrio cholerae
      • Robert Koch discovered cholera bacillus
      • Seven cholera pandemics since 1817
    • What is the epidemiological significance of cholera in 2023?
      • 535,321 cases reported
      • 4,007 deaths reported
      • Underreported cases estimated at 2.9 million
      • Discrepancies due to surveillance limitations
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