Biology P1 - Bioenergetics

• What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

  6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
• Why do plants need glucose?

  For cellulose, respiration, lipids, proteins, and starch
• What is cellulose used for in plants?

  Cell walls
• What is the role of nitrates in plants?

  Essential for making proteins
• What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

  Endothermic
• Why are insoluble substrates used for storage in plants?

  They do not diffuse away or affect water content
• What is aerobic respiration?

  Using oxygen to break down glucose
• Where does aerobic respiration occur?

  In the cytoplasm and mitochondria
• What is anaerobic respiration?

  Breaking down glucose without oxygen
• What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

  C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
• What causes muscle fatigue during anaerobic respiration?

  Lactic acid accumulation
• What is produced during anaerobic respiration in muscles?

  Lactic acid and energy
• What is the role of oxygen supply during high-rate respiration?

  To remove lactic acid and waste products
• What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?

  C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂
• What is cardiac output?

  Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
• How does heart rate change during exercise?

  It increases steadily with exercise
• What happens to oxygen and carbon dioxide during exercise?

  More oxygen is taken in, more CO₂ is expelled
• What is metabolism?

  All chemical reactions in the body
• What is a catabolic reaction?

  Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones
• What is an anabolic reaction?

  Building up small molecules into larger ones
• Where do catabolic reactions primarily occur?

  In the mitochondria
• What is the role of the cytoplasm in metabolism?

  Where basic reactions take place
• What is the purpose of excretion in metabolism?

  To remove waste from the body
• How are new proteins made in the body?

  Using nitrate ions and glucose
• What are the main uses of energy from aerobic respiration?

  • Movement (muscle contractions)
  • Hormones (protein synthesis)
  • Maintaining body temperature
  • Creating and breaking molecules
  • Cell division
  • Active transport
  • Nerve impulses
  • Biosynthesis
• What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

  Aerobic Respiration:

  • Uses oxygen
  • Produces carbon dioxide and water
  • Occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria

  
  

  Anaerobic Respiration:

  • Does not use oxygen
  • Produces lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide
  • Occurs in cytoplasm only
• What happens to the body during exercise?

  • Heart rate increases
  • More oxygen is transported to muscles
  • More carbon dioxide is expelled
  • Increased breathing rate
  • Enhanced oxygen supply to blood
• What are the roles of mitochondria and cytoplasm in metabolism?

  Mitochondria:

  • Site of catabolic reactions
  • Energy production

  
  

  Cytoplasm:

  • Site of basic metabolic reactions
  • Initial stages of glycolysis
• What are the key components of metabolism?

  • Catabolic reactions: break down molecules
  • Anabolic reactions: build up molecules
  • Excretion: removal of waste