Chapter 27 AMINES, AMINO ACIDS & POLYMERS

• What is the general formula for ammonia?

  NH3
• What replaces the hydrogens in ammonia to form amines?

  Organic groups
• What are the four types of amines mentioned?

  Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
• What is unique about quaternary amines?

  They have a positive charge
• What type of amines are aromatic amines?

  Primary amines
• What are non-aromatic amines called?

  Aliphatic amines
• How do amines act as bases?

  By accepting protons due to lone pair on nitrogen
• What type of bond forms when an amine accepts a proton?

  Dative covalent bond
• What affects the strength of an amine as a base?

  Availability of lone pair on nitrogen
• What is required to produce aliphatic amines?

  Excess ammonia and haloalkane
• What is the result of chloroethane reacting with excess ammonia?

  Primary amine and ammonium chloride
• Why is excess ammonia used in the reaction with haloalkanes?

  To ensure primary amine production
• What is a downside of the method for producing primary amines?

  Produces secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amines
• What is the process to produce aromatic amines?

  Reducing nitro compounds
• What is the reducing agent used to produce aromatic amines?

  Concentrated hydrochloric acid and tin
• What are amino acids the building blocks of?

  Proteins
• What two groups do amino acids contain?

  Amine group and carboxyl group
• What does it mean for amino acids to be amphoteric?

  They have both acidic and basic properties
• What is the significance of the organic sidechain in amino acids?

  It differentiates each amino acid
• What is unique about glycine among amino acids?

  Its sidechain is a hydrogen atom
• What defines chiral molecules like amino acids?

  Four different groups around a central carbon
• What do chiral molecules do to plane polarized light?

  They rotate it
• How do amino acids react with acids and alkalis?

  They form salts
• What do amino acids form when they react with alcohols?

  Esters
• What catalyst is often used in esterification reactions with amino acids?

  Sulfuric acid
• What is optical isomerism?

  Same structural formula, different spatial arrangement
• What are enantiomers?

  Mirror images of each other
• How do optically active compounds affect plane polarized light?

  They rotate it in a specific direction
• How do you represent chiral centers in 3D?

  Using a tetrahedral shape
• What is the importance of identifying chiral centers in molecules?

  To understand their optical activity
• What does acidic hydrolysis of an ester produce?

  A carboxylic acid and an alcohol
• What does basic hydrolysis of an ester yield?

  A carboxylate salt and an alcohol
• What is produced when esters undergo hydrolysis?

  Acids (or their salts) and alcohols
• What is the role of water in the hydrolysis of esters?

  It helps split esters into products