APBIO

    Cards (59)

    • What are the three stages of cell signaling?
      Reception, Transduction, Response
    • What is the role of ligands in cell signaling?
      • Ligands are chemical messengers.
      • They bind to specific receptors.
      • They initiate a cellular response.
    • Why do only some cells respond to ligands?
      Only cells with specific receptors respond
    • What was observed when membrane receptors were inhibited?
      Estrogen hormones still affected the cell
    • What type of hormone is estrogen?
      It is a steroid hormone
    • Where are intracellular receptors located?
      Inside the cytosol of the cell
    • What type of ligands do not bind to membrane receptors?
      Nonpolar ligands
    • What is the significance of cell signaling in organisms?
      • Coordinates activities in unicellular organisms.
      • Influences functions in multicellular organisms.
      • Essential for responding to environmental changes.
    • What is a signal transduction pathway?
      A series of steps converting a signal to a response
    • What is the role of ligands in target cells?
      They bind to specific receptor proteins
    • What type of bonding occurs in ligand-receptor binding?
      Reversible, noncovalent chemical bonding
    • Why is reversible ligand-receptor binding essential?
      To stop responding when appropriate
    • What happens during signal transduction?
      Changes occur in a protein region after ligand binding
    • What are two common examples of receptors?
      G protein-linked receptors and membrane receptors
    • What type of ligands can diffuse across the membrane?
      Small or nonpolar ligands
    • What do ligand-gated ion channels do?
      Change shape when a ligand binds
    • What is the function of the Na/K pump?
      Creates a high concentration of Na+ outside
    • What activates G proteins?
      Replacement of GDP with GTP
    • What do phosphorylation cascades involve?
      Transfer of phosphates to proteins
    • What is the role of protein kinases?
      Transfer phosphates from ATP to proteins
    • What is the first messenger in signal transduction?
      The molecule that binds to the receptor
    • What is cyclic AMP (cAMP)?
      A common secondary messenger
    • What does adenylyl cyclase do?
      Converts ATP to cAMP
    • How do secondary messengers function in signaling pathways?
      They diffuse quickly and activate proteins
    • What are the characteristics of secondary messengers?
      • Small and non-protein
      • Hydrophilic
      • Diffuse quickly
      • Activate signal transduction proteins
    • What is the significance of phosphorylation cascades in cell signaling?
      They amplify the cellular response
    • What is the final outcome of a phosphorylation cascade?
      Activation of multiple proteins
    • What is the role of calcium ions in signaling?
      They act as secondary messengers
    • How do G protein-linked receptors contribute to cell signaling?
      They activate G proteins that trigger responses
    • What is the role of ligand-gated ion channels in muscle contraction?
      They allow ions to diffuse, causing contraction
    • What happens when acetylcholine binds to its receptor?
      It opens channels for ion diffusion
    • What is the significance of 7 transmembrane domains in G protein-linked receptors?
      They facilitate ligand binding and signaling
    • How do signal transduction pathways provide more opportunities for cellular responses?
      They involve multiple steps and proteins
    • What is the function of phosphatases in signaling pathways?
      They remove phosphates from proteins
    • What is the role of protein phosphatases?
      Carry out dephosphorylation
    • How do phosphorylation and dephosphorylation regulate protein activity?
      They change proteins from inactive to active
    • What is the relationship between signal transduction and cellular response?
      Signal transduction triggers specific cellular responses
    • What are the common components of signal transduction pathways?
      • Receptors
      • Ligands
      • Secondary messengers
      • Protein kinases
      • Phosphatases
    • What is the importance of signal transduction pathways in cellular communication?
      • Amplify signals
      • Coordinate cellular responses
      • Regulate cellular functions
    • What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?
      Interphase and Mitotic (M) phase
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