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Jodee Chen
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Cards (59)
What are the three stages of cell signaling?
Reception
,
Transduction
,
Response
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What is the role of ligands in cell signaling?
Ligands are
chemical messengers
.
They bind to specific
receptors
.
They initiate a
cellular response
.
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Why do only some cells respond to ligands?
Only cells with specific receptors respond
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What was observed when membrane receptors were inhibited?
Estrogen
hormones still affected the cell
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What type of hormone is estrogen?
It is a
steroid hormone
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Where are intracellular receptors located?
Inside the
cytosol
of the cell
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What type of ligands do not bind to membrane receptors?
Nonpolar
ligands
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What is the significance of cell signaling in organisms?
Coordinates activities in
unicellular
organisms.
Influences functions in
multicellular
organisms.
Essential for responding to
environmental
changes.
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What is a signal transduction pathway?
A series of steps converting a signal to a response
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What is the role of ligands in target cells?
They bind to specific
receptor proteins
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What type of bonding occurs in ligand-receptor binding?
Reversible,
noncovalent
chemical bonding
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Why is reversible ligand-receptor binding essential?
To stop
responding
when appropriate
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What happens during signal transduction?
Changes occur in a
protein
region after
ligand binding
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What are two common examples of receptors?
G protein-linked receptors
and
membrane receptors
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What type of ligands can diffuse across the membrane?
Small or
nonpolar
ligands
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What do ligand-gated ion channels do?
Change
shape
when a
ligand
binds
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What is the function of the Na/K pump?
Creates a high concentration of
Na+
outside
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What activates G proteins?
Replacement of GDP with GTP
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What do phosphorylation cascades involve?
Transfer of
phosphates
to
proteins
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What is the role of protein kinases?
Transfer phosphates from
ATP
to proteins
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What is the first messenger in signal transduction?
The molecule that binds to the
receptor
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What is cyclic AMP (cAMP)?
A common
secondary messenger
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What does adenylyl cyclase do?
Converts
ATP
to
cAMP
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How do secondary messengers function in signaling pathways?
They diffuse quickly and activate
proteins
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What are the characteristics of secondary messengers?
Small and non-protein
Hydrophilic
Diffuse quickly
Activate
signal transduction proteins
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What is the significance of phosphorylation cascades in cell signaling?
They amplify the
cellular response
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What is the final outcome of a phosphorylation cascade?
Activation of multiple
proteins
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What is the role of calcium ions in signaling?
They act as
secondary messengers
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How do G protein-linked receptors contribute to cell signaling?
They activate
G proteins
that trigger responses
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What is the role of ligand-gated ion channels in muscle contraction?
They allow ions to
diffuse
, causing contraction
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What happens when acetylcholine binds to its receptor?
It opens
channels
for
ion diffusion
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What is the significance of 7 transmembrane domains in G protein-linked receptors?
They facilitate
ligand binding
and signaling
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How do signal transduction pathways provide more opportunities for cellular responses?
They involve multiple steps and
proteins
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What is the function of phosphatases in signaling pathways?
They remove
phosphates
from
proteins
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What is the role of protein phosphatases?
Carry out
dephosphorylation
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How do phosphorylation and dephosphorylation regulate protein activity?
They change proteins from
inactive
to active
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What is the relationship between signal transduction and cellular response?
Signal transduction triggers
specific
cellular responses
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What are the common components of signal transduction pathways?
Receptors
Ligands
Secondary messengers
Protein kinases
Phosphatases
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What is the importance of signal transduction pathways in cellular communication?
Amplify
signals
Coordinate
cellular responses
Regulate
cellular functions
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What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase
and
Mitotic
(M) phase
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See all 59 cards
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