BIO CO4

• What are biomolecules?

  Biological molecules produced by living organisms
• What defines organic compounds?

  Composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms
• What is a macromolecule?

  A large molecule made of monomers
• What is a polymer?

  A long molecule of repeating monomer units
• What occurs during a dehydration reaction?

  Monomers bond through loss of water
• What is a hydrolysis reaction?

  Breakdown of molecules due to water
• What are the four classes of biomolecules?

  • Nucleic acids
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
• What is the role of nucleic acids?

  Store, express, and transmit genetic information
• What are nucleic acids made of?

  Polymers of nucleotides
• What is the genetic information of all living things?

  Double-stranded DNA
• Who were the 1962 Nobel Prize winners for DNA structure?

  Watson, Crick, Wilkins, Franklin
• What are pentose sugars?

  Structural components of nucleic acids
• What do phosphate groups do in nucleic acids?

  Link 3’ and 5’ carbons of nucleotides
• What forms the rungs of nucleic acids?

  Nitrogenous bases
• What replaces thymine in RNA?

  Uracil
• What are purines?

  1. membered ring fused with a 5-membered ring
• What are pyrimidines?

  One 6-membered ring structure
• What is Chargaff’s Rule?

  A + G = T + C
• What does antiparallel orientation in DNA mean?

  The two strands run in opposite directions
• What are nucleosides composed of?

  Nitrogenous base and 5-carbon sugar
• How do amino acids differ from one another?

  By their respective side chains
• What forms a polypeptide?

  Covalent linkage of amino acids by peptide bonds
• What determines a protein's function?

  Its specific amino acid sequence
• What can cause protein denaturation?

  Changes in pH, salt concentration, or temperature
• What are the functions of proteins?

  • Enzymes
  • Structural Proteins
  • Motility Proteins
  • Regulatory Proteins
  • Transport Proteins
  • Hormonal Proteins
  • Receptor Proteins
  • Defensive Proteins