network protocols

• What do networks need to set the rules?

  Protocols
• What is a network standard?

  A set of agreed requirements for hardware and software
• Why are standards important in networking?

  They ensure compatibility between different manufacturers' products
• What is a network protocol?

  A set of rules for device communication
• What do communication protocols specify?

  How communication starts, ends, and data organization
• What is a MAC address?

  A unique identifier for network devices
• Who assigns MAC addresses to devices?

  Manufacturers
• What is the format of MAC addresses?

  48 or 64-bit binary numbers
• What protocol mainly uses MAC addresses?

  Ethernet protocol
• How are MAC addresses converted for easier use?

  They are converted into hexadecimals
• What are IP addresses used for?

  Sending data between TCP/IP networks
• How are IP addresses assigned?

  Manually or automatically
• How many bits does IPv4 use?

  32 bits
• What are the two versions of IP addresses?

  IPv4 and IPv6
• How many bits does IPv6 use?

  128 bits
• Why was IPv6 created?

  Due to the increasing number of devices needing addresses
• How many IP addresses does IPv4 have?

  Over 4 billion
• How many IP addresses does IPv6 have?

  2$^{128}$ addresses
• How are IPv6 addresses formatted?

  Split into 16-bit chunks as hexadecimal numbers
• How are IPv4 addresses formatted?

  Split into 8-bit chunks as denary numbers
• How are IPv6 addresses separated?

  With a colon
• How are MAC addresses used in networks?

  To communicate within networks
• How are IP addresses used in networks?

  For communication between networks
• What is the most important protocol for data transmission?

  TCP/IP
• What does TCP stand for?

  Transmission Control Protocol
• What is the role of TCP?

  To split data into packets and reassemble them
• What does IP do in TCP/IP?

  Directs packets to their destination
• What are some common protocols built upon TCP/IP?

  • HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
  • HTTPS: HTTP Secure
  • FTP: File Transfer Protocol
  • POP3: Post Office Protocol — version 3
  • IMAP: Internet Message Access Protocol
  • SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• What is HTTP used for?

  Accessing websites and communicating with servers
• What is HTTPS used for?

  Encrypting information sent and received
• What is FTP used for?

  Accessing, editing, and moving files between devices
• What does POP3 do?

  Retrieves emails from a server and deletes them
• What does IMAP do?

  Retrieves emails without deleting them
• What does SMTP do?

  Sends emails and transfers them between servers
• What is a layer in network protocols?

  A group of protocols with similar functions
• How do layers in network protocols function?

  Protocols in each layer don't need to know others
• What does each layer do in the network protocol model?

  Serves the layer above it with hidden work
• How can data be passed between layers?

  Only between adjacent layers
• What are the advantages of using layers in network protocols?

  • Breaks communication into manageable pieces
  • Allows changes without affecting other layers
  • Forces compatibility among different brands