UNIT 2

• What does it mean for a group to be homogenous?

  They are very similar to each other.
• What is theology?

  Study of religion from a believer's perspective.
• Who studies theology?

  A theologian.
• What is revenue?

  Money received by the government.
• What does it mean if something is diminished?

  It is reduced or made smaller.
• What is authority?

  Power seen as legitimate.
• What does it mean to be reliant on something?

  You need that thing to function.
• What does it mean to fluctuate?

  To increase and decrease over time.
• What does it mean to legitimize something?

  To make it seem appropriate.
• What was the economic focus of Europe from 600-1200?

  • Relatively disconnected from global trade routes
  • Focused on self-sufficient manors
• How did Europe's trade connections change from 1300-1450?

  • Gradually became more connected
  • Increased trade along the Silk Roads
• What characterized Western and Eastern Europe at the beginning of the 16th century?

  • Western Europe united by the Catholic Church
  • Eastern Europe dominated by the Orthodox Church
• What was the religious majority in Western Europe at the beginning of the 16th century?

  Catholic
• How did governments affect religious diversity in Europe?

  They actively suppressed religious diversity.
• What significant event occurred in 1492 in Spain and Portugal?

  Reconquista and expulsion of Jews.
• Who challenged Catholic dominance in 1517?

  Martin Luther.
• What did Martin Luther criticize about the Catholic Church?

  Buying indulgences to rid sin.
• What was the outcome of Martin Luther's actions?

  Questioning the legitimacy of the Catholic Church.
• What new branch of Christianity emerged from the Protestant Reformation?

  Protestantism.
• What were the three branches of Christianity after the Protestant Reformation?

  • Orthodoxy in Eastern Europe
  • Catholicism in Western Europe
  • Protestantism in Western Europe
• What reforms occurred in the Catholic Church due to the Protestant Reformation?

  Priests banned from selling indulgences.
• How did both Catholics and Protestants contribute to Christianity's growth?

  • Sought to convert people globally
• What impact did religious disputes from the Reformation have on European states?

  • Increased rivalries and conflicts
  • Example: Thirty Years War in Germany
• How was the political landscape of Western Europe before 1450 characterized?

  • Highly decentralized states
  • Nobles had significant influence over monarchs
• What economic changes occurred due to New World colonies?

  Increased revenue for European monarchs.
• How did monarchs' reliance change after gaining revenue from colonies?

  Less reliant on nobles, more on revenue.
• What challenge did increased monarch power represent?

  Challenge to the nobility's power.
• What was the name of the rebellion by French nobles?

  The Fronde.
• What was the outcome of the Fronde rebellion?

  Increased control for the king.
• How did the power of European nobility change over time?

  Fluctuated as they resisted monarchs' power.
• What contributed to the rise of absolute monarchy?

  • Increased monarchs' revenue and spending
  • Diminished power of elected representatives
• What is absolutism?

  Monarch should have absolute authority over the state.
• How did absolute monarchs claim legitimacy?

  Based on the religious idea of divine right.
• Who is an example of an absolute monarch?

  King Louis XIV of France.
• What did King Louis XIV use to legitimize his rule?

  Monumental architecture like Versailles.
• What is a current in the context of water?

  Water traveling in a particular direction.
• How did European maritime technology compare to other regions before 1450?

  • Considerably behind regions like China
  • Chinese ships reached East Africa under Zheng He
• What facilitated European technological developments in navigation?

  Knowledge from other world regions.
• Who developed sophisticated maps for maritime navigation?

  Ptolemy.
• Why did Ptolemy's maps gain more influence after 1450?

  They were translated into Latin.