Key Terminology

• Natural event = an event that does not have an impact on human activity
• Natural hazard = an event that can have a socioeconomic or fatal impact on human activity
• Natural disaster = an event that does have socioeconomic impact and can kill.
• Tectonic = forces within the earth that pose a significant threat to human life
• Atmospheric = extreme events and abrupt changes to the climate system that are highly influenced by changes in temperature.
• Continental = relating to a large mass of land; a continent
• Oceanic = belonging or relating to an ocean or to the sea
• What is another word for a Constructive Plate?

  Divergent
• What is another word for a Convergent Plate?

  Destructive
• What is another word for a Conservative Plate?

  Transform
• Constructive/Divergent = the oceanic plates move away from each other
• Destructive/Convergent = The oceanic plate and the continental plate come towards eachother, but since the oceanic plates are thinner and less dense, they subduct.
• Conservative/Transform = two plates move against eachother in a lateral motion- the friction causes earthquakes.
• Shield volcano = are usually found at constructive boundaries and have gently sloping sides, and are made up of layers of solid lava.
• Subduction = where a tectonic plate is forced underneath another
• Composite volcano = are usually found at destructive boundaries, generally more destructive and are called composite because they are composed of different things.
• Collision boundaries = when two continental plates meet
• Fold mountains = are created from collision boundaries.
• What are fold mountains created from?

  Collision boundaries
• Viscosity = how thick a liquid is and it's resistance to flow
• Lahars= a type of mud flow where snow and ice from the summit melts. they are very destructive and move at 50km/h
• Pyroclastic flow = A combination of gases, ash and rock, flowing at 100km/h. Inhaling can cause instant death.
• What is a combination of gases, ash and rock flowing at 100 km/h?

  Pyroclastic flows
• Tsunami = caused by violent eruptions under the ocean displacing a huge amount of water creating highly destructive waves
• Primary effects = direct impacts of the natural hazard
• Secondary effects = affects that are caused by the primary effects - this could be hours, days, and weeks after.
• Immediate responses = quick responses to a natural disaster situation
• Long term response = take place over weeks and months after the events; like rebuilding infrastructure
• Geothermal energy = heat energy from the earth
• Ground deformation = change of the shape of the ground
• Seismometers = a monitor that responds to ground shaking and noises
• Tiltmeters = instrument to measure the tilit of the earth's surface
• Seismologist = someone who looks at a seismograph
• Volcanologist = studies and monitors the Earth's volcanoes in all stages of activity, all over the planet.
• Hurricanes = a storm with a violent wind
• Cyclones = a rapidly rotating storm
• Typhoons = a tropical storm occurring in the region of the Indian or West Pacific oceans
• Cumulonimbus clouds= the only cloud type that can produce hail, thunder or lightning.
• Storm surge = the abnormal rise in seawater in a storm