UTS

• Dilemma - it is a problematic situation in which a difficult choice must be made.
• Moral -

  it is a related to the sense or a standard that determines what is right and what is wrong
• Morality -

  it refers to the system of belief and values that ensures that individuals will keep their obligation to others in the society and behave in a ways that do not interfere with the rights and interest of others
• Dilemma -

  the kind of responses or actions taken or made when one is in a quandary serves as a good test of a persons level of personal development
• Moral -

  it distinguish correct from incorrect or appropriate from inappropriate
• Preconventional -

  what level of kohlbergs stages of moral reasoning that have the stages of punishment & obedience and instrumental relativist
• conventional -

  what level of kohlbergs stages of moral reasoning that have the stages of interpersonal concordance and law and order
• Postconventional -

  what level of kohlbergs stages of moral reasoning that have the stages of social contract and universal ethical principle
• Punishment and obedience -

  right and wrong is defined by what they got punished for
• instrumental relativist -

  right and wrong is now determined by what we are rewarded for
• interpersonal concordance -

  being good is whatever pleases the others, right and wrong are determined by the majority
• law and order -

  being good now means doing your duty to society , obey laws without question, most adult do not progress past this stage
• social contract -

  right and wrong is determined by personal values
• universal ethical principle -

  we can now live in accordance with deeply held moral principles which are seen as more important than the laws of the land
• Authoritarian : attempts to shape, control, and evaluate the behavior and attitude of their children in accordance with set of conduct standards set by religious or respected authorities.
• Authoritative : direct their children's activities in a rational and intelligent way
• Permissive : less controlling and behave with an accepting and non- punishing attitude towards their children's desires, actions, and impulses
• Uninvolved/ Neglectful : take on "hands-off" stand in the affairs of their children.
• Authoritarian =

  Harsh discipline and punishment

  Might not communicate well with children and ignore. children's viewpoints
• Authoritative =

  Give and take relationship;

  Encourage children to present their viewpoints, and offer explanations for rules and consequences.
• Permissive =

  No rules enforced

  Children tend to make their own rules
• uninvolved/ Neglectful =

  No disciplinary actions (no punishment/no reward)

  Indifferent towards children's needs
• Effects of Authoritarian Parents Children: withdrawn, fearful, dependent, low self-esteem
• Effects of Authoritative Parents --- Children: independent, reliable, rationale, confident
• effects of Permissive Parents --- Children: no routine/ no structure
• effects of Uninvolved parents Children: unloved, cannot follow instructions, resort to substance abuse as a distraction/ to get attention
• Cognition : It is a term referring to the mental processes involved gaining knowledge and comprehension. Some of the many different cognitive process include thinking, knowing, remembering, judging and problem- solving
• Cognition : It is a term referring to the mental processes involved gaining knowledge and comprehension. Some of the many different cognitive process include thinking, knowing, remembering, judging and problem- solving
• Types of Cognitive Processes

  1. Attention
  2. Language
  3. Learning
  4. Memory
  5. Perception
  6. Thought
• Types of Cognitive Processes

  1. Attention
  2. Language
  3. Learning
  4. Memory
  5. Perception
  6. Thought
• Types of Cognitive Processes

  1. Attention
  2. Language
  3. Learning
  4. Memory
  5. Perception
  6. Thought
• Types of Cognitive Processes

  1. Attention
  2. Language
  3. Learning
  4. Memory
  5. Perception
  6. Thought
• Types of Cognitive Processes

  1. Attention
  2. Language
  3. Learning
  4. Memory
  5. Perception
  6. Thought
• Types of Cognitive Processes

  1. Attention
  2. Language
  3. Learning
  4. Memory
  5. Perception
  6. Thought
• Attention =

  is a cognitive process that allows people to focus on a specific stimulus in the environment
• Language : are cognitive processes that include the ability to understand and express thoughts through spoken and written words. This allows us to communicate with other and plays an important role in thought
• learning :

  requires cognitive processes involved in taking in new things, synthesizing information, and integrating it with prior knowledge
• Memory :

  is an important cognitive process that allows people to encode, store, and retrieve information. It is a critical component in the learning process and allows people to retain knowledge about the world and their personal histories
• Perceptions =

  a cognitive process that allows people to take in information through their senses then utilize this information to respond and interact with the world
• Thought:

  Essential part of every cognitive process. It allows people to engage in decision making, problem solving and higher Reasoning