Class Slides

• What are the roles of hydrogen and oxygen in cellular energy release?

  They are essential for respiration.

  
• How is energy distributed and used inside cells?

  Through ATP and metabolic processes.

  
• What is the role of NAD in cellular respiration?

  It acts as a hydrogen carrier.
• What is glycolysis?

  It is the first step of respiration.

  
• What does ATP stand for?

  Adenosine triphosphate

  
• Why is ATP considered the energy currency of cells?

  It provides immediate energy for processes.
• What happens to ATP after it releases energy?

  It converts to ADP and Pi.

  
• What is phosphorylation?

  It is the addition of a phosphate group.

  
• What is the waste product of anaerobic respiration in humans?

  Lactic acid or lactate

  
• What is the main respiratory substrate for respiration?

  Glucose
• How does aerobic respiration differ from anaerobic respiration?

  Aerobic uses oxygen; anaerobic does not.

  
• What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

  2 ATP
• Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

  In the mitochondrial matrix.

  
• What are the waste products of aerobic respiration?

  Water and carbon dioxide

  
• What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

  It acts as the final electron acceptor.

  
• How is the rate of respiration measured using a respirometer?

  By measuring oxygen consumption.

  
• What is the formula to calculate the volume of a cylinder?

  V = πr²h
• If a volume of 50 cm³ was consumed over 5 minutes, what is the rate of oxygen consumption?

  10 cm³/min
• How do you calculate the mean rate of oxygen consumption?

  Add rates and divide by trials.
• What is the structure of mitochondria?

  Two membranes: inner and outer.

  
• What is the function of the inner mitochondrial membrane?

  It increases surface area for ATP production.

  
• What is the role of NAD in glycolysis?

  It is reduced to form NADH.

  
• What happens during the link reaction?

  Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA.

  
• What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

  6 reduced NAD, 2 reduced FAD, 2 ATP.
• What is chemiosmosis?

  It is the movement of H+ ions across a membrane.
• What is the final product of the electron transport chain?

  Water

  
• What is the significance of the concentration gradient in respiration?

  It drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.

  
• How does the structure of ATP relate to its function?

  High-energy bonds allow quick energy release.

  
• What is the net ATP yield from aerobic respiration?

  Approximately 36 ATP

  
• What is the difference between NADH and FADH in respiration?

  NADH delivers electrons to the first protein.

  
• What happens if oxygen is not present during respiration?

  NAD and FAD cannot be regenerated.
• What is the role of ATP synthase?

  It converts ADP to ATP.

  
• How does the Krebs cycle contribute to cellular respiration?

  It produces electron carriers and ATP.

  
• What is the importance of the mitochondrial matrix?

  It contains enzymes for respiration processes.
• What is the main function of the outer mitochondrial membrane?

  It is permeable to small molecules.
• What is the significance of the high surface area in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

  It allows for more ATP production sites.

  
• How does the structure of NAD facilitate its function in respiration?

  It can be easily reduced and oxidized.
• What is the main product of glycolysis?

  2 pyruvate molecules

  
• What is the role of coenzymes in respiration?

  They assist enzymes in metabolic reactions.
• How does the Krebs cycle complete the breakdown of glucose?

  By releasing CO2 and generating ATP.