Mass Transport

    Cards (52)

    • What is the structure of haemoglobin?
      Globular and water soluble
    • How many polypeptide chains does haemoglobin consist of?
      Four polypeptide chains
    • What is the quaternary structure of haemoglobin?
      Consists of four polypeptide chains
    • Where is haemoglobin present?
      In red blood cells
    • What do oxygen molecules bind to in haemoglobin?
      Haem groups
    • What is the role of haemoglobin?
      To carry oxygen to respiring tissues
    • What are three factors affecting oxygen-haemoglobin binding?
      1. Partial pressure of oxygen
      2. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
      3. Saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen
    • How does partial pressure of oxygen affect oxygen-haemoglobin binding?
      Higher pressure increases haemoglobin's affinity for oxygen
    • What happens to haemoglobin's shape as carbon dioxide partial pressure increases?
      Haemoglobin changes shape and affinity decreases
    • What is the Bohr effect?
      Decrease in affinity due to increased carbon dioxide
    • What is positive cooperativity in haemoglobin binding?
      First binding eases subsequent oxygen bindings
    • Why does oxygen bind to haemoglobin in the lungs?
      High partial pressure of oxygen and low carbon dioxide
    • Why is oxygen released from haemoglobin in respiring tissues?
      Low oxygen pressure and high carbon dioxide concentration
    • What do oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curves show?
      Saturation of haemoglobin against partial pressure of oxygen
    • How does carbon dioxide affect the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve?
      Curve shifts to the right with decreased affinity
    • What are three common features of a mammalian circulatory system?
      1. Water-based transport medium
      2. Means of moving the medium (heart)
      3. Unidirectional flow control (valves)
    • What is the function of the heart in the circulatory system?
      To pump blood throughout the body
    • How are the atria structured to function?
      Thin-walled and elastic to stretch
    • Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right?
      It pumps blood around the entire body
    • How do arteries relate to their function?
      Thick walls handle high pressure
    • Why do veins have valves?
      To prevent backflow of blood
    • Why are two pumps needed in the heart?
      To maintain blood pressure throughout the body
    • What happens during cardiac diastole?
      The heart relaxes and fills with blood
    • What occurs during atrial systole?
      The atria contract to push blood into ventricles
    • What happens during ventricular systole?
      The ventricles contract and pump blood out
    • What are the nodes involved in heart contraction?
      Sinoatrial node and Atrioventricular node
    • Where is the sinoatrial node located?
      In the wall of the right atrium
    • What does myogenic mean in relation to the heart?
      Contraction initiated from within the muscle
    • How does the heart contract?
      Through coordinated electrical signals from nodes
    • What happens during ventricular systole?
      The ventricles contract.
    • What occurs to the pressure in the ventricles during contraction?
      The pressure increases.
    • What is the function of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction?
      They close to prevent backflow.
    • What happens to the semilunar valves during ventricular contraction?
      They open.
    • Where is the sinoatrial node (SAN) located?
      Wall of right atrium.
    • Where is the atrioventricular node (AVN) situated?
      In between the two atria.
    • What does the term "myogenic" refer to?
      Contraction initiated from within the muscle.
    • How does the heart contract?
      SAN initiates impulse, AVN conveys it.
    • What role does the AVN play in heart contraction?
      It receives, delays, and conveys the impulse.
    • Why is there a delay in the impulse from the AVN?
      To allow time for blood to pass through.
    • How are capillaries structured to suit their function?
      Walls are one cell thick for diffusion.
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