PY411

• why do we need dosage forms?


  tiny doses of drug need to be bulked up with excipients
• why do we need different dosage forms?


  different clinical conditions

  different types of patient

  different routes of administration

  different physicochemical properties of drug
• give examples of routes of administration 


  parenteral

  oral

  buccal

  sublingual

  oromucosal

  rectal

  topical

  transdermal

  pulmonary

  nasal

  vaginal

  eye (ocular)

  ear (aural)
• examples of liquid dosage forms


  solutions

  suspensions

  emulsions
• examples of semi-solid dosage forms


  creams

  ointments

  gels
• examples of solid dosages forms


  tablets

  modified release tablets

  capsules

  granules

  suppositories

  pessaries
• API stands for


  Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient
• advantages of the oral route


  perceived as natural

  uncomplicated

  convenient

  safe
• disadvantages of the oral route


  slow drug response

  chance of irregular absorption

  chance of destruction of drug (by acid and GI enzymes)
• most popular dosage forms for the oral route


  tablets

  capsules

  suspensions

  solutions
• what does transmucosal mean?


  taken in the oral cavity but not swallowed
• examples of transmucosal routes


  oromucosal

  sublingual

  buccal (between gum and cheek)
• example of oromucosal dosage forms

  chewing gum

  inhalators

  tablets

  oral strips

  lozenges

  mouth spray
• examples of SL dosage forms 


  SL tablets

  aerosol spray
• examples of buccal dosage forms


  tablets

  mucoadhesive tablets
• examples of rectal dosage forms


  suppositories (local and systemic)

  ointments

  solutions
• examples of parenteral routes


  intravenous (IV)

  intramuscular (IM)

  subcutaneous (SC)

  intradermal (ID)
• types of injectable


  sterile solution

  sterile suspensions and emulsions

  sterile implants
• examples of pulmonary route dosage forms


  metered dose inhalers

  dry powder inhalers

  soft mist inhalers

  nebulisers
• examples of ocular dosage forms 


  ophthalmic solutions, suspensions & ointments
• examples of nasal dosage forms


  nasal solutions or suspensions
• examples of aural dosage forms


  ear preparations
• methods of vaginal drug delivery


  tablets

  foams

  gels

  suspensions

  pessaries

  rings
• methods of uterine drug delivery


  intrauterine device (IUD)

  intrauterine system (IUS)
• alkane


  what functional group is this?

  
• alkene


  what functional group is this?

  
• amine


  what functional group is this?

  
• thiol


  what functional group is this?

  
• alkyl halide


  what functional group is this?

  
• ether


  what functional group is this?

  
• alcohol


  what functional group is this?

  
• benzene ring


  what functional group is this?

  
• alkyne


  what functional group is this?

  
• aldehyde


  what functional group is this?

  
• ketone


  what functional group is this?

  
• ester


  what functional group is this?

  
• carboxylic acid 


  what functional group is this?

  
• carbonyl


  what functional group is this?

  
• anhydride


  what functional group is this?

  
• acid chloride 


  what functional group is this?