maths foundation

• Fraction


  A fraction is a way to show part of a whole, with a numerator (top) and a denominator (bottom). For example, 1/2 or 3/4.
• Decimal


  A decimal is a way to write a number using digits after a dot (.), representing a part of a whole. For example, 0.5 or 3.14.
• Addition


  Adding two or more numbers together to get a total or sum. For example, 2 + 3 = 5.
• Multiplication


  Multiplying two or more numbers together to get a product. For example, 2 x 3 = 6.
• Equation

  An equation is a statement saying two expressions are equal. For example, 2 + 2 = 4.
• Variable


  A variable is a letter or symbol used to represent a value that can change. For example, x or y.
• Angle


  An angle is a measure of rotation between two lines or planes. It can be acute (less than 90°), right (exactly 90°), or obtuse (greater than 90°).
• Proper Fraction


  A proper fraction is a fraction where the numerator is less than the denominator. It represents a part of a whole.
• Improper Fraction


  An improper fraction is a fraction where the numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator. It can be simplified into a mixed number.
• Numerator


  The top number of a fraction, showing how many equal parts are being taken.
• Denominator


  The bottom number of a fraction, showing the total number of parts.
• Example of Proper Fraction


  1/2 or 2/3
• Example of Improper Fraction


  3/2 or 5/4
• Simplify Improper Fraction


  Simplify the improper fraction by dividing the numerator by the denominator and writing the mixed number. For example, 3/2 = 1 1/2
• Triangle Area


  The area of a triangle is (base × height) / 2. For example, if the base is 5cm and the height is 6cm, the area is (5 × 6) / 2 = 15 square centimeters.
• Rectangle Area


  The area of a rectangle is length × width. For example, if the length is 8cm and the width is 5cm, the area is 8 × 5 = 40 square centimeters.
• Parellelogram Area


  The area of a parallelogram is base × height. For example, if the base is 7cm and the height is 3cm, the area is 7 × 3 = 21 square centimeters.
• Circle Area


  The area of a circle is π × radius^2. For example, if the radius is 4cm, the area is π × 4^2 = approximately 50.27 square centimeters.
• Trapezoid Area


  The area of a trapezoid is (1/2) × (sum of parallel sides) × height. For example, if the parallel sides are 6cm and 8cm, and the height is 4cm, the area is (1/2) × (6 + 8) × 4 = 20 square centimeters.
• Height


  The height of a shape is the vertical distance from the base to the top, used in calculations such as area and volume.
• Triangle Perimeter


  The perimeter of a triangle is the sum of all its sides. For example, if a triangle has sides 3cm, 4cm, and 5cm, the perimeter is 3 + 4 + 5 = 12cm.
• Quadrilateral Perimeter


  The perimeter of a quadrilateral (such as a rectangle or square) is the sum of all its sides. For example, if a rectangle has sides 8cm and 5cm, the perimeter is 8 + 8 + 5 + 5 = 26cm.
• Polygon Perimeter


  The perimeter of a polygon (such as a pentagon) is the sum of all its sides. For example, if a pentagon has sides 3cm, 5cm, 7cm, 4cm, and 6cm, the perimeter is 3 + 5 + 7 + 4 + 6 = 25cm.
• Circle Perimeter (Circumference)


  The perimeter (circumference) of a circle is 2 × π × radius. For example, if the radius is 4cm, the circumference is 2 × π × 4 ≈ 25.13cm.
• Perimeter Formula

  The perimeter of any shape is the sum of all its sides. You can use this formula for triangles, quadrilaterals, polygons, and more!
• Radius

  The radius of a circle is the distance from the center to the edge. You can use the radius to find the circumference of a circle.
• π (Pi)


  A mathematical constant approximately equal to 3.14, used in calculations involving circles and circular shapes.
• Area of Triangle


  (base × height) / 2
• Area of Rectangle


  length × width
• Area of Circle


  π × radius^2
• Perimeter of Triangle


  sum of all sides
• Linear Equation


  ax + b = c
• Quadratic Equation


  ax^2 + bx + c = 0
• Exponential Function


  a^x
• Mean


  (sum of values) / n
• Median


  middle value (sorted values)
• Standard Deviation

  √[(sum of (xi - μ)^2) / (n - 1)]
• Kinetic Energy


  (1/2) × mass × velocity^2
• Work Done


  force × distance
• Energy Conservation


  kinetic energy + potential energy = initial energy