inheritance , variation & evolution

• What is meiosis?

  Formation of four non-identical cells
• What is mitosis?

  Formation of two identical cells
• What does sexual reproduction involve?

  Joining of male and female gametes
• What are the gametes in animals?

  Sperm and egg cells
• What are the gametes in flowering plants?

  Pollen and egg cells
• How are gametes formed?

  By meiosis, producing non-identical cells
• How many chromosomes does a normal cell have?

  46 chromosomes
• How many chromosomes does each gamete have?

  23 chromosomes
• What happens during fertilization?

  Gametes fuse to form a cell with 46 chromosomes
• What is the result of mixing genetic information from parents?

  Variation in the offspring
• What does asexual reproduction involve?

  One parent with no gametes joining
• How are identical cells formed in asexual reproduction?

  Through mitosis from one parent cell
• What is the outcome of asexual reproduction?

  Clones that are genetically identical
• Name an example of an organism that reproduces asexually.

  Bacteria
• What is the process of meiosis?

  Formation of four non-identical gametes
• What happens to chromosomes during meiosis?

  They are shuffled, producing genetic variation
• What is the role of gametes in fertilization?

  They join to produce a cell with 46 chromosomes
• What is differentiation in embryonic development?

  Cells take on different roles
• What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

  • Produces variation in offspring
  • Increases survival advantage in changing environments
  • Decreases extinction risk for species
• What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

  • Only one parent needed
  • Faster reproduction without finding a mate
  • Produces many identical offspring in favorable conditions
• What is an example of a malarial parasite's reproduction?

  Sexual in mosquitoes, asexual in humans
• How do some fungi reproduce?

  Both sexually and asexually
• What is pollination in plants?

  Pollen reaching egg cells in flowers
• How do strawberry plants reproduce asexually?

  By producing runners
• How do daffodils reproduce asexually?

  By growing from bulbs
• What is DNA?

  A polymer containing genetic instructions
• What is the structure of DNA?

  Two strands forming a double helix
• What are chromosomes made of?

  Long strands of DNA
• What is a gene?

  A section of DNA coding for a protein
• What does the genome refer to?

  All genes coding for proteins in an organism
• How has studying the human genome helped medicine?

  Improved understanding of diseases and treatments
• What are the four types of organic bases in DNA?

  A, C, G, T
• What is complementary base pairing?

  A pairs with T, C pairs with G
• What does the order of bases in DNA determine?

  The type of protein produced
• What is protein synthesis?

  Producing a protein from DNA
• What happens to DNA during protein synthesis?

  It cannot move out of the nucleus
• What does DNA stand for?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• What are nucleotides?

  Small parts that make up DNA
• What is mRNA?

  A template of the original DNA
• How are amino acids brought to ribosomes?

  By carrier molecules