bonding , structure & properties of matter

• What are compounds?

  Substances with 2 or more elements combined
• How many types of strong chemical bonds are there?

  Three types
• What are the three types of strong chemical bonds?

  Ionic, covalent, and metallic
• What characterizes ionic bonds?

  Particles are oppositely charged ions
• In which compounds do ionic bonds occur?

  Compounds formed from metals and non-metals
• What characterizes covalent bonds?

  Particles share pairs of electrons
• Where do covalent bonds typically occur?

  In most non-metallic elements and compounds
• What characterizes metallic bonds?

  Particles share delocalised electrons
• Where do metallic bonds occur?

  In metallic elements and alloys
• What happens to electrons in ionic bonding?

  Electrons are transferred from metal to non-metal
• What do metal atoms become after losing electrons?

  Positively charged ions
• What do non-metal atoms become after gaining electrons?

  Negatively charged ions
• What is an ion?

  An atom that has lost or gained electrons
• Which groups of elements produce ions with full outer shells?

  Groups 1, 2, 6, and 7
• What does a dot and cross diagram represent?

  Electron transfer in ionic compound formation
• What is the structure of ionic compounds?

  A giant structure of ions
• How are ionic compounds held together?

  By strong electrostatic forces of attraction
• How does the 3D structure of ionic compounds affect forces?

  Forces act in every direction
• What is an example of an ionic compound?

  Sodium chloride (NaCl)
• What is covalent bonding?

  Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
• What are small molecules with strong covalent bonds?

  HCl, H2, O2, Cl2, NH3, CH4
• What are polymers?

  Large covalently bonded molecules
• What are giant covalent structures?

  Many atoms covalently bonded in a lattice
• Give examples of giant covalent structures.

  Diamond and silicon dioxide
• What diagrams can represent covalent substances?

  Dot and cross, ball and stick, 3D diagrams
• What characterizes metallic bonding?

  Positive ions and delocalised electrons in a pattern
• What is the delocalised electron system in metals?

  Electrons lost from atoms forming positive ions
• What is the movement of delocalised electrons in metallic bonding?

  They are free to move through the structure
• How are metallic bonds characterized?

  Delocalised electrons are shared throughout the structure
• What are the three states of matter?

  Solid, liquid, and gas
• What occurs at the melting point?

  Melting and freezing take place
• What occurs at the boiling point?

  Boiling and condensing take place
• How does particle theory explain state changes?

  It relates energy to particle forces
• What determines the energy needed to change states?

  The strength of forces between particles
• What influences the nature of particles in a substance?

  The type of bonding and structure
• How do particle forces affect melting and boiling points?

  Stronger forces lead to higher points
• What are the limitations of the simple particle model?

  No forces, all particles as spheres
• How are states of matter represented in chemical equations?

  Solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), aqueous (aq)
• What structure do ionic compounds have?

  Giant ionic lattices
• Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?

  Strong bonds require a lot of energy