cardiovascular system

• What are antagonist muscle pairs?

  Muscle pairs that work oppositely
• What movements do the biceps and triceps create?

  • Biceps: Flexion of the elbow
  • Triceps: Extension of the elbow
• What movements do the hip flexors and gluteals create?

  • Hip Flexors: Flexion of the hip
  • Gluteals: Extension of the hip
• What movements do the quadriceps and hamstrings create?

  • Quadriceps: Extension of the knee
  • Hamstrings: Flexion of the knee
• What movements do the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius create?

  • Tibialis Anterior: Dorsi Flexion of ankle
  • Gastrocnemius: Plantar Flexion of ankle
• What type of muscles are voluntary muscles?

  Muscles we control consciously
• What type of muscles are involuntary muscles?

  Muscles that work without conscious control
• What is cardiac muscle?

  The heart muscle, which is involuntary
• What is a tendon?

  Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
• What is a ligament?

  Connective tissue that connects bone to bone
• How do muscles and bones work together to create movement?

  • Muscles attach to bones via tendons
  • Organized into antagonist muscle pairs
  • Agonist contracts to pull bone
  • Antagonist relaxes to allow movement
• What is isometric contraction?

  Muscle contracts but stays the same length
• What is isotonic contraction?

  Muscle contracts and changes length
• What is concentric contraction?

  Muscle contracts and shortens
• What is eccentric contraction?

  Muscle contracts and lengthens
• What is the pathway of blood through the heart?

  1. Enters through vena cava to right atrium
  2. Passes through tricuspid valve to right ventricle
  3. Exits through pulmonary valve to pulmonary artery
  4. Collects oxygen in lungs
  5. Returns via pulmonary vein to left atrium
  6. Passes through bicuspid valve to left ventricle
  7. Exits through aortic valve to aorta
• What is pulse?

  Single beat of the heart
• What is heart rate?

  Number of beats per minute
• What is stroke volume?

  Volume of blood pumped per beat
• What is cardiac output?

  Volume of blood pumped per minute
• What is blood pressure?

  Pressure placed on vessel walls by blood
• What is anticipatory rise?

  Increase in heart rate before exercise
• What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

  • Systole Phase: Pumping phase, heart contracts
  • Diastole Phase: Filling phase, heart fills with blood
• What are red blood cells responsible for?

  Carrying oxygen
• What are white blood cells responsible for?

  Fighting disease
• What are platelets responsible for?

  Preventing blood loss
• What is plasma responsible for?

  Transportation of oxygen
• What do arteries do?

  Take blood away from the heart
• What do veins do?

  Take blood towards the heart
• What do capillaries do?

  Join arteries and veins
• What are the characteristics of arteries?

  • Thick muscular walls
  • Carry blood at high pressure
  • Small lumen
• What are the characteristics of veins?

  • Thin walls
  • Carry blood at low pressure
  • Large lumen
  • Have valves
• What are the characteristics of capillaries?

  • Very thin walls, one cell thick
  • Found at organs
• How does blood redistribution occur during exercise?

  • Vasodilation: Blood vessels widen for working muscles
  • Vasoconstriction: Blood vessels narrow for non-working organs
• What is haemoglobin responsible for?

  Carrying oxygen in the blood
• What is oxyhaemoglobin?

  Haemoglobin combined with oxygen