industrial

• What period does the study material focus on regarding Britain?

  Eighteenth and nineteenth century
• What did people in 1850 believe caused illness?

  They believed in miasma and spontaneous generation
• Who suggested that microscopic poisonous insects caused illness in 1720?

  Richard Bradley
• What was the idea of spontaneous generation?

  Microbes appeared when something was rotting
• Who promoted the idea of spontaneous generation in the 1850s?

  Felix Pouchet
• What did people know about germs in the 1850s?

  They knew germs existed but not their effects
• What did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek study in the 1600s?

  Germs using a microscope
• What conclusion did Leeuwenhoek reach about 'animalcules'?

  He concluded they were harmless
• What is the significance of Louis Pasteur's Germ Theory?

  • Proved germs cause decay
  • Disproved spontaneous generation
  • Led to pasteurisation process
• What competition did Pasteur enter in 1860?

  To prove or disprove spontaneous generation
• What process did Pasteur use to prevent souring of milk and beer?

  Pasteurisation
• What type of jar did Pasteur use in his experiments?

  Swan-necked jar
• What was the impact of the Second Public Health Act (1875)?

  No more outbreaks of cholera occurred
• What was the average life expectancy in Britain before the Second Public Health Act?

  30 years
• What did the 1867 Second Reform Act achieve?

  Increased political influence for working-class men
• What were the key surgical issues before 1900?

  • Pain
  • Infection
  • Blood loss
• Who used laughing gas as a painkiller in 1772?

  Joseph Priestley
• What was a major issue with ether as an anaesthetic?

  It caused patients to vomit
• Who discovered chloroform as an anaesthetic in 1847?

  James Simpson
• What was a risk associated with chloroform use?

  Too much could cause death
• What did Florence Nightingale do during the Crimean War?

  Cleaned hospitals and improved conditions
• What was the public's reaction to Nightingale's work?

  She became a national hero
• What did Nightingale establish with public donations?

  The Nightingale Training School
• What was the focus of Nightingale's publications?

  Improving nursing and hospital conditions
• What were the significant impacts of Edward Jenner's vaccination for smallpox?

  • Smallpox eradicated in 1980
  • First scientific method used for vaccination
  • Celebrated globally for his technique
• What disease is cholera caused by?

  Bacteria found in dirty water
• What were some initial reactions to cholera in Britain?

  People fasted and burned tar
• Who linked cholera to a lack of sewers in 1832?

  Dr. Robert Baker
• What did John Snow believe about cholera transmission?

  It was spread through contaminated water
• How did Snow prove his theory about cholera?

  By mapping deaths linked to a water pump
• What action did the council take based on Snow's findings?

  Removed the handle from the water pump
• What are the key terms related to vaccination and cholera?

  • Smallpox
  • Vaccination
  • Immunity
  • Inoculation
  • Cholera
  • Bacteria