Aggression

• What is aggression according to Hogg & Vaughan?

  A behavior resulting in harm or injury
• What is the intention behind aggression as defined by Scherer, Abeles & Fischer?

  To harm another of the same species
• What does Baron & Byrne state about the goal of aggression?

  It aims to harm a living being avoiding harm
• How can aggression be viewed as a functional behavior?

  When expressed appropriately to reach goals
• What are the important distinctions in theories of aggression?

  • Biological theories: innate vs. non-instinct
  • Drive theories: frustration-aggression, aggressive-cue
  • Social learning theory
• What does psychodynamic theory suggest about aggression?

  It results from the battle between Eros and Thanatos
• According to Freud, what is Thanatos?

  The death instinct related to aggression
• What is catharsis in the context of aggression?

  Expending aggressive energy to feel calm
• What does Lorenz's ethological approach suggest about aggression?

  It builds up until it must be discharged
• What role do environmental stimuli play in aggression according to the ethological approach?

  They trigger the expression of innate aggression
• What biochemical factors are associated with aggression?

  High testosterone and low serotonin
• What does the frustration-aggression model propose?

  Frustration triggers aggressive behavior
• How do situational factors influence aggression according to the frustration-aggression model?

  They can inhibit actual aggressive behavior
• What personality types are associated with aggression?

  Type A (high strung) and Type B (easy)
• What is hostile attributional bias?

  Tendency to perceive others' actions as hostile
• How does social media relate to aggression?

  It can reinforce instinctual aggression theories
• What evidence contradicts the idea of vicarious catharsis through media violence?

  Increased TV viewing relates to aggression
• What are other causes of aggression mentioned in the material?

  Poverty, unemployment, racial prejudice
• What cognitive interventions can help control aggression?

  • Apologies
  • Overcoming cognitive deficits
  • Non-aggressive role models
  • Social skills training
• How does an apology affect anger levels?

  It can make us less angry if sincere
• What is catharsis according to Freud?

  Discharging built-up aggressive energy
• What are the conditions for punishment to be effective?

  Prompt, certain, strong, and justified
• How do cultural attitudes towards aggression vary?

  • Change over time
  • Differ between cultures/groups/nations
  • Reflect sociocultural values
• What does the culture of violence theory suggest?

  Some cultures model aggressive behavior, others do not
• How do cultural values influence aggression?

  They set ground rules for aggression early
• What is the role of normative beliefs in aggression?

  They predict the social acceptability of aggression
• What demographic factors influence aggression?

  Males are more physically aggressive than females
• What is the significance of socio-cultural artefacts in aggression?

  They influence values and attitudes towards violence
• What factors contribute to the development of subcultures related to aggression?

  • Marginalization from mainstream society
  • Values and attitudes conducive to violence
  • Examples: gangs, Mafia
• How is aggression viewed as a cultural drama?

  It is governed by social rules and performances
• What influences group behavior and social influence in aggression?

  Social rules govern behavior in groups