Q2

• BOND – is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds
• STRUCTURE – the arrangement of chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule ( in an ion or radical with multiple atoms )
• types of bonding

  • ionic
  • covalent
• Ionic Bond - is formed when metals on the left side (Group 1(A) and Group 2(A) of the periodic table and nonmetals on the right side (except noble gases, group 8A) interact.
• Ionic Bonding - This type of interaction is observed between atoms with large differences in their tendencies to lose or gain electrons and is achieved via electron transfer.
• An ionic compound is formed when the two oppositely charged ions attract each other.
• Ionic compounds tend to have higher melting and boiling points. They are hard and brittle and conduct electricity when dissolved in water.
• Covalent bonds are formed when atoms reach stability by sharing electrons (rather than fully gaining or losing them)
• Compounds formed through covalent bonding are brittle solid, have relatively low melting and boiling points, and are poor conductor of heat and electricity
• Several covalent compounds have high vapor pressure, which makes them volatile and good as fuels.
• lewis dot symbols - It consists of the symbol of an element and one dot for each valence electron in an atom of the element.
• LEWIS STRUCTURE - Developed by American chemist Gilbert Lewis
• lewis structure - A system of representing the valence electron of an atom using diagrams
• OCTET RULE - When atoms of the other elements in the periodic table tend to achieve the configuration of the nearest noble gas by reacting with the same element or with other elements to form more stable compounds
• Lewis structures are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, and the unbonded electrons that may exist in the molecule
• lone pairs are represented as pair of dots and are placed next to the atoms on which they reside.
• Formal charge - is the difference between the valence electrons in an isolated atom and the number of electrons assigned to that atom in a Lewis structure.
• Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract toward itself the electrons.
• Molecular geometry - relates to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
• The approach in predicting molecular geometry is called the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR).
• electron geometry is the shape of a molecule predicted by considering both bond and lone electron pairs
• molecular geometry is the shape of a molecule predicted by considering only bond electron pairs
• A,X,E notation - A denotes to the central atom and X refers to another atom bonded to it. If there are lone pairs or unbonded pair of electrons attached to the central atom, this is indicated by the letter E.
• LINEAR GEOMETRY - For two electron pairs in an atom to be as far apart as possible, they should be at 180o angle from each othe
• TRIGONAL PLANAR - Three electron pairs in an atom are widely separated at 120o angle to one another, forming an equilateral triangle
• TETRAHEDRAL - This arrangement of electron pairs reduces repulsions among four sets of electron pairs  Theangle between any two electron pairs is 109.5o
• Polarity - It is a measure of how equally the electrons in a bond are distributed between the two atoms involved in a covalent bond.
• The polarity of substances determines their solubility in different solvents
• Which element is present in all organic compounds? Carbon
• What products are obtained with CH4(g) burns completely in an excess of oxygen? CO2 and H2O
• A hydrocarbon molecule is saturated if the molecule contains ___________ . Single covalent bonds, only
• A functional group with a carbonyl group functionality is _________________. Ketone
• Choose the incorrect option regarding Isomerism: They have the different molecular formula
• Which among the following is formed when an alcohol is dehydrated? Alkene
• The reaction of water with alkene to produce an alcohol is a/an ______ reaction. Addition
• The organic starting materials for the preparation of an ester could be_________ an acid and alcohol
• Hydrolysis (saponification) of a fat would yield_____________. glycerol and soap
• This type of isomerism occurs when different compounds are formed due to the different arrangements of their atoms leading to different functional groups. functional
• ketone - carbonyl group
• carbolxylic acid - vinegar