CMB Lect Cellcycle

• What is the basis of all life according to the study material?

  Cells' capacity for self-reproduction
• From where do cells arise?

  From other cells
• What are the fundamental activities of cells?

  • Maintain integrity
  • Store information for reproduction
  • Convert information into activators
  • Capture energy for activities
  • Transport substances
  • Divide to produce new cells
  • Respond to environmental signals
• What is the first principle of cell theory?

  All living things are made of cells
• What does the second principle of cell theory state?

  The cell is the smallest living unit
• What does the third principle of cell theory discard?

  The idea of spontaneous generation
• What should students be able to explain at the end of the topic?

  • Importance of cell proliferation and death
  • Phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle
  • Stages of mitosis and cytokinesis differences
  • Significance of cell cycle checkpoints and cyclins

  
• Why is understanding cell proliferation important?

  It is essential for tissue and organism growth
• Why is cell death important in multicellular organisms?

  It sculpts tissues and removes damaged cells
• What disease is associated with uncontrolled cell proliferation?

  Cancer
• What is a hallmark of cancer related to apoptosis?

  Resistance to apoptosis
• What are the hallmarks of cancer?

  • Growth signal autonomy
  • Resistance to inhibitory growth signals
  • Resistance to apoptosis
  • Unlimited replicative capacity
• How many cells do we start life as?

  One cell
• What would happen if mitosis occurred without cell death?

  Excessive growth of tissues and organs
• What size do cells typically reach before dividing?

  A certain size
• What is the role of somatic cells in replication?

  They have a restricted capacity for replication
• What is required for eukaryotic cell division?

  Production of organs
• What does the eukaryotic cell cycle consist of?

  • Interphase
  • Mitotic phase
  • Generation time
  • Controls and checkpoints

  
• What are the phases of the cell cycle?

  • Interphase
  • G1 phase
  • S phase
  • G2 phase
  • M phase (mitosis)

  
• What occurs during interphase?

  Normal cell activity and preparation for division
• What happens during the G1 phase?

  Cell grows and prepares for S phase

  
• What occurs during the S phase?

  Genome is completely duplicated
• What happens during the G2 phase?

  Cell prepares for mitosis

  
• What is the function of mitosis?

  • Produces genetically identical daughter cells
  • Ensures each daughter cell receives exact DNA copy
• How much DNA is in each diploid cell?

  Approximately 2 metres
• How is DNA organized in eukaryotic cells?

  Into several linear chromosomes
• How many chromosomes do human cells have?

  46 chromosomes
• What is the role of kinetochores during cell division?

  Attachment points for microtubules moving chromosomes

  
• What are homologous chromosomes?

  Chromosomes that look the same and control the same traits
• What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?

  Diploid has two copies, haploid has one
• What are the phases of interphase?

  • G1: Primary growth
  • S: Genome replicated
  • G2: Secondary growth

  
• What happens during prophase?

  Chromatin condenses and becomes visible as chromosomes

  
• What marks the beginning of prometaphase?

  The dissolution of the nuclear membrane
• What are the stages of mitosis?

  • Prophase
  • Prometaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase

  
• What begins during anaphase?

  Cytokinesis begins

  
• What is the role of the nucleolus during interphase?

  It may be visible in the nucleus
• What happens to centrioles during prophase?

  They move to opposite ends of the cell

  
• What forms the mitotic spindle?

  Fibres extending from the centromeres
• What phase follows anaphase in mitosis?

  Telophase

  
• What occurs during cytokinesis?

  Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm into two cells