Lecture 10: Development in the Family Context

• What theory is mentioned regarding family systems?

  Family systems theory
• What does Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model emphasize?

  The family as a filter for societal influences
• What are the components of Bronfenbrenner’s model?

  Microsystems, Mesosystems, Exosystems, Macrosystem, Chronosystem
• What characterizes the isolated nuclear family?

  Parents have primary responsibility for child rearing
• In which regions is the isolated nuclear family common?

  Europe and America
• What is a key feature of the extended family?

  Shared responsibility for children
• How do children interact in extended families?

  They mix with all ages
• What does family systems theory suggest about the family system?

  It has wholeness and adaptability
• What does family dynamics study?

  The relationships between family members
• How do family dynamics change over time?

  Through aging and changes in family structure
• What is bidirectionality in parent-child relationships?

  Both parent and child influence each other
• What can reinforce negative behavior in children?

  A coercive cycle of responses
• How do attractive children affect parenting?

  They elicit more positive responses
• What is the impact of birth order on parenting?

  Higher expectations for firstborn children
• How does gender influence parenting interpretations?

  Different standards for boys and girls
• What is parental socialization?

  The process of acquiring cultural values and skills
• Who categorized parenting styles into specific types?

  Diana Baumrind
• What percentage of Baumrind's original sample was authoritarian?

  20%
• What are the two key dimensions identified by Macoby and Martin?

  Parental warmth and parental control
• How do parenting styles relate to child outcomes?

  Preschool styles predict adolescent outcomes
• What is the stability of parenting styles according to Baumrind's research?

  50% remained authoritative, 17% authoritarian
• What does the Authoritarian style emphasize?

  High demands and low responsiveness
• What characterizes the Authoritative style?

  High warmth and high demands
• What is a key feature of the Permissive style?

  Low demands and high responsiveness
• What does the Uninvolved style entail?

  Low demands and low responsiveness
• How does bidirectionality affect parenting styles?

  Youth behaviors can change parenting styles
• How does socioeconomic status influence parenting style?

  Low SES is linked to authoritarian parenting
• What is ethnocentrism in parenting styles?

  Styles may not apply to all ethnic groups
• What is the divorce rate according to ONS (2022)?

  41% of marriages end in divorce
• What are common child outcomes associated with divorce?

  Mental health problems and low self-esteem
• How can high conflict before divorce affect children?

  It leads to insecure relationships
• What factors influence children's outcomes after divorce?

  Parental conflict and quality of contact
• What percentage of couple families are stepfamilies?

  11%
• What parenting style is associated with better adjustment in stepfamilies?

  Authoritative parenting
• How does the age of the child affect adjustment in stepfamilies?

  Very young children adjust better
• What sibling dynamic is beneficial for adjustment in stepfamilies?

  Having full siblings only
• What is the impact of the noncustodial parent's attitude on stepfamily adjustment?

  Hostility towards stepparent affects adjustment
• What is the role of parenting style in stepfamily adjustment?

  Authoritative style leads to better adjustment
• What are the key aspects of child development within the family context?

  • Family systems theory and dynamics
  • Parental influences on child development
  • Effects of different family structures
  • Influence of siblings
• What are the components of Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model?

  1. Microsystems: Immediate environments
  2. Mesosystems: Interconnections among microsystems
  3. Exosystems: Settings with indirect influences
  4. Macrosystem: Cultural context
  5. Chronosystem: Change over time