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• What type of biomolecule is being represented in the image?

  • A carbohydrate, specifically a sugar molecule

  
• What functional group is present at the end of the carbon chain in this biomolecule?

  Hydroxyl group (-OH)

  
• Why is this biomolecule classified as a carbohydrate?

  • Contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of approximately 1:2:1
  • Consists of multiple hydroxyl groups
  • Form rings or linear chains

  
• What type of sugar is being shown, based on the number of carbon atoms?

  Hexose sugar (6 carbon atoms)

  
• What is the primary role of this type of biomolecule in biological systems?

  • Primary source of energy for living organisms
  • Structural components in cells and tissues
  • Important in cell recognition and signaling

  
• What is the general term for six-carbon sugars?

  Hexoses

  
• Which element is found in approximately twice the quantity as others in this biomolecule?

  Hydrogen

  
• How many hydroxyl groups are present in this sugar molecule?

  • 5 hydroxyl groups (-OH)

  
• What type of ring structure does this sugar typically form?

  Pyranose ring (6-membered ring)

  
• How does the arrangement of hydroxyl groups affect the properties of this sugar molecule?

  • Affects solubility and reactivity
  • Determines stereochemistry and biological activity
  • Influences how it interacts with other molecules and enzymes

  
• What is the general term for sugars containing five carbon atoms?

  Pentoses

  
• What type of bond links the carbon atoms in this sugar molecule's ring structure?

  • Covalent bonds

  
• What would be the effect of altering the position of a hydroxyl group in this sugar molecule?

  • It could change the stereochemistry and biological activity
  • It may affect the solubility and reactivity of the molecule
  • It could alter its interactions with other molecules and enzymes

  
• What is the significance of the carbonyl group in this sugar molecule?

  • Forms the ring structure
  • Participates in reactions such as glycosylation
  • Important in energy metabolism

  
• How many carbon atoms are present in the pentose sugar shown in the image?

  • Five carbon atoms are present in the pentose sugar.

  
• What functional group is present on each carbon atom of the pentose sugar, and how do these groups contribute to its properties?

  • The pentose sugar has hydroxyl $(\mathrm{OH})$ groups on most of its carbon atoms.
  • The hydroxyl groups make the sugar polar and soluble in water.

  
• If the pentose sugar reacts with an oxidizing agent, which functional group is most likely to be affected?

  • The aldehyde or ketone groups of the pentose sugar would be most affected by an oxidizing agent.

  
• What is the term used to classify pentose sugars?

  Pentose

  
• What is the molecular formula of hexose monosaccharides?

  $C_6H_{12}O_6$
• What isomer is α-glucose?

  cis isomer
• What is glycogen?

  Main storage polymer of α-glucose in animal cells (also found in plant cells)
• What types of glycosidic bonds does amylopectin contain?

  1,4 & 1,6 glycosidic bonds
• What is the purpose of dehydration synthesis in the formation of triglycerides?

  It forms ester bonds by removing water molecules

  
• What are the reactants and products in triglyceride formation?

  • Glycerol
  • 3 fatty acids
  • Products: triglyceride + 3H₂O

  
• What is the product of triglyceride formation called?

  Triglyceride or neutral fat

  
• What chemical changes occur when three fatty acids bind to glycerol to form a triglyceride?

  Ester bonds are formed between glycerol and each fatty acid, and three water molecules are released

  
• What is the process involved in triglyceride formation and what are the key molecules involved?

  1. Process: Dehydration synthesis
  2. Reactants:

  • Glycerol
  • 3 fatty acids

  1. Products: Triglyceride + 3H₂O
  2. Bonds formed: Ester bonds between glycerol and each fatty acid

  
• If a triglyceride contains 3 different types of fatty acids, how many unique triglycerides could be formed?

  <answer_derivation>Since the 3 different fatty acids can be arranged in any of the 3 positions, the number of unique triglycerides is 3! (3 factorial), which is 6</answer_derivation>

  <answer>6</answer>

  
• What are the three hexose monosaccharides?

  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
• What type of isomerism do monosaccharides exhibit based on the position of the hydroxyl group?

  Stereoisomerism

  
• What functional group defines monosaccharides as either aldoses or ketoses?

  Carbonyl group