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• What are clinical features of mania?

  Drive/aggression, impulsivity, risk-taking behaviors, not listening to others, grandiose vs. self-confident speech, flight of ideas, psychotic symptoms.
• Why might people resist treatments for mania?

  Because they don't want to let the mania go.
• What severe condition can occur in a true manic episode?

  Psychosis.
• What are the main components of the course of mania?

  • Rapid cycling
  • 4 or more episodes per year
  • Mixed states
• What are the main factors in the etiology of mania?

  • Neurological factors
  • Genes
  • Neurophysiological factors
  • Neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin)
  • Sleep-wake cycle
  • Interpretations of experiences
  • Stressors
• What are the primary treatment approaches for mania?

  • Medication
  • Psychotherapy (CBT, interpersonal therapy, group therapy)
  • Integrative approach
  • Person-centered care
• What medication is commonly used as a mood-stabilizer in mania?

  Lithium.
• What serious outcome is associated with mania?

  Suicide.
• What factors should be considered regarding suicide risk in mania?

  • Impulsivity
  • Ambivalence
  • Mental health concerns
  • Humiliation/cultural taboos
  • Stress
• What are the components of prevention and intervention strategies for suicide?

  • In therapy
  • Assessment (ideation, intent, plan)
  • Support
  • Safety Planning
  • In the community
• What disorder is characterized by symptoms fabricated to gain external incentives?

  Malingering.
• What disorder involves the fabrication of symptoms to assume the sick role?

  Factitious disorder.
• What is a key characteristic of Somatic Symptoms Disorders?

  • Presence of somatic/bodily symptoms
  • Focus on understanding symptoms, not dismissing as "medically unexplained"
  • Examples: hypochondriasis, somatization disorder, pain disorder
• What defines a medically unexplained symptom?

  The doctor cannot find a medical cause for the disorder.
• What are the DSM-5 criteria for Somatic Symptom Disorder?

  1. One or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or disrupt daily life
  2. Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the symptoms

  • Disproportionate thoughts about symptom seriousness
  • Persistently high anxiety about health or symptoms
  • Excessive time and energy devoted to symptoms

  1. State of being symptomatic is persistent (typically more than 6 months)
• What are the clinical features of Somatic Symptom Disorder?

  • Physical symptoms
  • Hypochondriasis
  • Somatization disorder
  • Physician visits
  • Interpretations of bodily sensations, physical health, and illness
• What disorder involves sensory or motor symptoms without a medical cause?

  Conversion Disorder.
• What are the types of sensory symptoms in Conversion Disorder?

  • Altered sensation (numbness, tingling)
  • Changes in vision
  • Changes in hearing
• What are the types of motor symptoms in Conversion Disorder?

  • Weakness or paralysis
  • Tremors
  • Gait disturbances
• What type of disorder involves disruption of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception?

  Dissociative Disorder.
• What is dissociation?

  • Disruption in the integration of
  • Consciousness
  • Memory
  • Identity
  • Perception
  • May involve "splitting"
  • Can occur in everyday life
• How can being called out affect someone who is dissociating?

  It can bring their awareness back to the present.
• What are the main types of Dissociative Disorders?

  • Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
  • Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Fugue
  • Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
• What characterizes amnesia in Dissociative Disorders?

  Forgetting aspects of yourself.
• What is dissociative fugue?

  Relocation that causes an individual to forget who they are.
• What is Dissociative Identity Disorder formerly known as?

  Multiple personality disorder.
• What are the diagnostic criteria for Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) as per DSM-5?

  1. Disruption of identity with two or more distinct personality states
  2. Recurrent gaps in recall of everyday events, personal information, and/or traumatic events
  3. Symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment
  4. Disturbance not a normal cultural or religious practice
  5. Symptoms not attributable to physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition
• What are the main controversies surrounding Dissociative Identity Disorder?

  • Is the disorder real or fake?
  • If real, how does the disorder develop?
  • Post-traumatic theories
  • Social cognitive theories
• What are the primary treatment approaches for Dissociative Identity Disorder?

  • Working with parts
  • Integration
• What are the key features of Personality Disorders?

  • Chronic interpersonal difficulties
  • Identity/Self disturbances
  • Pervasive and inflexible patterns
  • Stable and long-standing patterns
  • Patterns cause distress and impairments in functioning
  • Symptoms not caused by a single recent stressor
• What are the DSM-5 criteria for Personality Disorders?

  1. An enduring pattern deviating markedly from cultural expectations, manifested in two or more of the following areas:
  2. Cognition

  ii. Affectivity

  iii. Interpersonal functioning

  iv. Impulse Control

  1. Pattern is inflexible and pervasive across situations
  2. Pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment
  3. Pattern is stable and of long duration, onset by adolescence or early adulthood
  4. Pattern not better explained by another mental disorder
  5. Pattern not attributable to physiological effects of a substance or another condition
• What are some of the complexities associated with diagnosing Personality Disorders?

  • Less precise definitions compared to other criteria
  • Use of categories vs. dimensions
  • Stigma and "milder" forms of disorders
  • Diagnostic criteria as prototypes
  • Cultural factors
• What are the DSM-5 Personality Disorder Clusters?

  • Cluster A: Odd or eccentric disorders
  • Cluster B: Emotional, dramatic, or erratic disorders
  • Cluster C: Anxious or fearful disorders
• What are the characteristics of Cluster A Personality Disorders?

  • Characterized by odd or eccentric behaviours
  • Elements related to those of schizophrenia
  • Includes Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal disorders
• What is Paranoid Personality Disorder characterized by?

  Extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others.
• What is Schizoid Personality Disorder characterized by?

  Persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion.
• What defines Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

  A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with close relationships, eccentricities of behavior, and cognitive-perceptual aberrations.
• What behaviors characterize Cluster C Personality Disorders?

  Anxious or fearful behaviors, avoidance of risk or harm.
• What are the characteristics of Cluster B Personality Disorders?

  • Characterized by emotional, dramatic, or erratic behaviors
  • Involve problems with emotional regulation
  • Seek novelty and stimulation
  • Includes Histrionic, borderline, Narcissistic, and antisocial disorders
• What Cluster B Personality Disorder is rarely given in diagnosis?

  Histrionic Personality Disorder.