WEEK 3

    Cards (475)

    • What is anatomical dead space?
      The volume of air in the conducting airways
    • What is alveolar dead space?
      Air in alveoli not participating in gas exchange
    • What is physiological dead space?
      Anatomical dead space plus alveolar dead space
    • What percentage of tidal volume remains in dead space?
      Approximately 30%
    • How much air reaches the alveoli in a healthy adult man?
      Approximately 350 ml
    • How much air reaches the alveoli in a healthy adult woman?
      Approximately 280 ml
    • What is tidal volume?
      Volume of air moved in or out per cycle
    • What is the average tidal volume for a healthy adult man?
      About 500 mL
    • What is the average tidal volume for a healthy adult woman?
      About 400 mL
    • How is total pulmonary ventilation calculated?
      By multiplying tidal volume by respiratory rate
    • How is alveolar ventilation calculated?
      (Tidal volume - physiological dead space) x respiratory rate
    • What is forced inspiration and expiration?
      Involves lung reserve volumes and more effort
    • What muscles are involved in forced inspiration?
      Sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles
    • What muscles are involved in forced expiration?
      Internal intercostals and abdominal wall muscles
    • What is pneumothorax?
      Air in the intrapleural space with loss of pleural seal
    • What happens during interstitial lung disease?
      Lung expansion is difficult due to stiff lungs
    • What characterizes obstructive lung disease?
      Increased airways resistance and decreased elastic recoil
    • What is hypoventilation?
      Inability to expand chest and ventilate alveoli
    • What causes respiratory distress syndrome in newborns?
      Decreased surfactant leads to increased surface tension
    • What holds the visceral and parietal pleura together?
      Intrapleural fluid and surface tension
    • What happens if the pleural seal is broken?
      Lung collapses to unstretched size
    • What occurs when chest wall or lung is breached?
      Air flows into pleural cavity until pressures equalize
    • What are the clinical signs of pneumothorax?
      Tachycardia, tachypnoea, hypotension
    • What are common symptoms of pneumothorax?
      Dyspnoea, pleuritic chest pain, cough
    • What is interstitial lung disease characterized by?
      Thickening of the pulmonary interstitium
    • What is the role of the pulmonary interstitium?
      Crucial for gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries
    • What happens to lung compliance in interstitial lung disease?
      Lung compliance is reduced; lungs are stiff
    • What happens to elastic recoil in interstitial lung disease?
      Elastic recoil is increased; lungs return quickly
    • What are clinical symptoms of interstitial lung disease?
      Dry cough, dyspnoea on exertion, fatigue
    • What are signs of interstitial lung disease?
      Decreased lung excursion, bi-basal crackles
    • What characterizes asthma and COPD?
      Varying degrees of airway obstruction
    • What is the emphysematous component of COPD?
      Loss of alveoli due to connective tissue destruction
    • How does emphysema affect ventilation mechanics?
      Loss of alveoli and collapse of bronchioles
    • What is the effect of airway obstruction in asthma and COPD?
      Worse during expiration due to resistance
    • What do lung compliance and elastic recoil affect?
      Air movement in and out of the lung
    • What is functional residual capacity?
      Volume of air remaining in lungs after expiration
    • What is total lung capacity?
      Maximum volume of air in the lungs
    • What is residual volume?
      Volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration
    • What is the role of surfactant in newborns?
      Reduces surface tension to aid lung expansion
    • What are the signs of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
      Grunting, nasal flaring, cyanosis
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