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CARDIORESPIRATORY
WEEK 3
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Cards (475)
What is anatomical dead space?
The volume of air in the
conducting airways
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What is alveolar dead space?
Air in alveoli not participating in
gas exchange
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What is physiological dead space?
Anatomical dead space
plus
alveolar dead space
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What percentage of tidal volume remains in dead space?
Approximately
30%
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How much air reaches the alveoli in a healthy adult man?
Approximately
350
ml
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How much air reaches the alveoli in a healthy adult woman?
Approximately
280 ml
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What is tidal volume?
Volume of air moved in or out per
cycle
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What is the average tidal volume for a healthy adult man?
About
500
mL
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What is the average tidal volume for a healthy adult woman?
About
400
mL
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How is total pulmonary ventilation calculated?
By multiplying
tidal volume
by
respiratory rate
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How is alveolar ventilation calculated?
(
Tidal volume
-
physiological dead space
) x respiratory rate
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What is forced inspiration and expiration?
Involves
lung reserve volumes
and more effort
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What muscles are involved in forced inspiration?
Sternocleidomastoid
and
scalene muscles
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What muscles are involved in forced expiration?
Internal intercostals
and
abdominal wall muscles
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What is pneumothorax?
Air in the
intrapleural
space with loss of pleural seal
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What happens during interstitial lung disease?
Lung expansion
is difficult due to
stiff
lungs
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What characterizes obstructive lung disease?
Increased
airways resistance
and decreased
elastic recoil
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What is hypoventilation?
Inability to expand chest and ventilate
alveoli
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What causes respiratory distress syndrome in newborns?
Decreased
surfactant
leads to increased
surface tension
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What holds the visceral and parietal pleura together?
Intrapleural
fluid and surface tension
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What happens if the pleural seal is broken?
Lung collapses to
unstretched
size
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What occurs when chest wall or lung is breached?
Air flows into
pleural
cavity until pressures
equalize
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What are the clinical signs of pneumothorax?
Tachycardia
,
tachypnoea
,
hypotension
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What are common symptoms of pneumothorax?
Dyspnoea
,
pleuritic
chest pain, cough
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What is interstitial lung disease characterized by?
Thickening of the
pulmonary interstitium
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What is the role of the pulmonary interstitium?
Crucial for gas exchange between
alveoli
and
capillaries
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What happens to lung compliance in interstitial lung disease?
Lung compliance is
reduced
; lungs are
stiff
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What happens to elastic recoil in interstitial lung disease?
Elastic
recoil
is
increased
;
lungs
return
quickly
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What are clinical symptoms of interstitial lung disease?
Dry cough,
dyspnoea
on exertion, fatigue
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What are signs of interstitial lung disease?
Decreased
lung excursion
,
bi-basal
crackles
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What characterizes asthma and COPD?
Varying degrees of
airway obstruction
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What is the emphysematous component of COPD?
Loss of
alveoli
due to
connective tissue
destruction
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How does emphysema affect ventilation mechanics?
Loss of
alveoli
and collapse of
bronchioles
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What is the effect of airway obstruction in asthma and COPD?
Worse during
expiration
due to
resistance
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What do lung compliance and elastic recoil affect?
Air
movement
in
and
out
of the
lung
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What is functional residual capacity?
Volume of air remaining in
lungs
after expiration
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What is total lung capacity?
Maximum
volume of air in the lungs
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What is residual volume?
Volume of air remaining in lungs after
maximum expiration
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What is the role of surfactant in newborns?
Reduces
surface tension
to aid lung expansion
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What are the signs of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
Grunting
,
nasal flaring
,
cyanosis
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See all 475 cards
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