Physical assessment

• Who is the author of the study material on physical assessments?

  Prof. Reem Kayyali
• What are the key importance of physical assessments in pharmacy?

  • Personalized treatment for unique health conditions
  • Early detection of health issues
  • Improving therapeutic outcomes
  • Strengthening interprofessional collaboration
• How do physical assessments support personalized treatment in pharmacy?

  They identify unique patient health conditions
• What is one benefit of early detection through physical assessments?

  Identifies health issues needing medical referral
• How do physical assessments improve medication effectiveness?

  They track clinical signs indicating medication efficacy
• What role do physical assessments play in safety monitoring?

  They detect adverse drug reactions and toxicity
• How do physical assessments strengthen interprofessional collaboration?

  They build credibility with healthcare teams
• What is a key situation for physical assessments in chronic disease management?

  Monitoring blood pressure and heart rate
• How can physical assessments help in identifying adverse drug reactions?

  By checking for skin rashes and changes in mental status
• What is an example of point-of-care testing (POCT) in pharmacy practice?

  Blood glucose testing for diabetes management
• How are physical assessments used in medication reviews?

  To evaluate overall health and medication efficacy
• What is blood pressure defined as?

  Pressure on artery walls from blood flow
• What are the two readings used to measure blood pressure?

  Systolic and diastolic pressure

  
• What is systolic pressure?

  Pressure when the heart beats
• What is diastolic pressure?

  Pressure when the heart is at rest
• What are the top tips for measuring blood pressure?

  • Standardize the environment
  • Patient seated and relaxed for five minutes
  • Use appropriate cuff size
  • Measure on both arms
  • Confirm high readings with a second measurement
• What should be done if the first blood pressure measurement exceeds 140/90 mmHg?

  Take a second confirmatory reading
• Why is it important to measure blood pressure on both arms?

  To use the arm with the higher value
• What is the significance of measuring blood pressure in patients with postural hypotension?

  Measure while the patient is standing
• What does the BHS recommend for blood pressure measurements?

  Take two measurements 1-2 minutes apart
• What should be done if there is a large difference between blood pressure readings?

  Discard the initial value and retake
• What is "white coat" hypertension?

  Blood pressure raised due to clinical setting
• What is diabetes mellitus characterized by?

  Chronic hyperglycaemia and metabolic disturbances
• What causes Type 1 diabetes (T1DM)?

  Destruction of insulin-producing beta cells
• What is the cause of Type 2 diabetes (T2DM)?

  Insulin resistance and defective beta cell function
• How is diabetes diagnosed?

  By measuring fasting and random plasma glucose
• What fasting plasma glucose level indicates diabetes?

  ≥ 7.0 mmol/L
• What random plasma glucose level indicates diabetes?

  ≥ 11.1 mmol/L
• What should be done if a random test result is ≥ 11.1 mmol/L?

  Refer to GP for further tests
• What should be done if levels are between 5.6 and 11.0 mmol/L?

  Offer a re-test using a fasting sample
• What does a random test result of < 5.6 mmol/L indicate?

  Low probability of diabetes
• What percentage of UK adults have a total cholesterol level of 5mmol/L or above?

  Two out of three adults
• Why is high cholesterol a concern?

  It is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
• What are the two forms of lipoprotein that transport cholesterol?

  LDL and HDL

  
• What does low-density lipoprotein (LDL) do?

  Carries cholesterol from liver to cells
• What is the function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)?

  Carries cholesterol to the liver for excretion
• Who is at risk of high cholesterol?

  Those with family history or diabetes
• What is the definition of obesity?

  BMI of 30 kg/m² or more

  
• How is BMI calculated?

  Weight in kg divided by height in m²

  
• What is the BMI range for being overweight?

  BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m²