flora

• are microorganisms that are frequently found in a particular site in a normal healthy individual


  microbiome or normal flora
• true or false

  the majority of microbiome are bacteria


  true
• what are the types of microbiome? (4)


  Commensals, Residents, Transients, Carrier state
• a type of microbiome that lives in a


  natural,oftenbeneficialrelationshipwith thehostcommensals
• a type of microbiome that is "present for invariable period", is a consistent part of the microbiome and inhabits specific sites long-term.


  residents
• a type of microbiome that


  brieflycolonize the host but are often eliminated by the immune system or competition.transients
• a type of microbiome that is


  potentiallypathogenic that colonize the host without causing disease, but can cause illness under certain conditions. (eg.Streptococcu pneumoniae, Neisseria meningetidisin throat of healthy individual)carrier state
• beneficial effects of microbiome (3)


  immunostimulation -(antibody development),exclusionary effect -(vacuum effect and protection from external invaders),production of essential nutrients- (production of vitamins).
• what vitamins are produces by intestinal microbiome E. coli?


  vitamin K & B
• true or false

  internal organs including alimentary tract are sterile at health.


  false. internal organsexcept alimentary canalare sterile at health.
• areas of the body with microbiome/normal flora (3)


  GIT- mouth and large colon,Urogenital Tract- vagina and distal 1/3 of the urethra,Skin.
• what are the upper respiratory tract colonized by flora (2)


  mouthandnasopharynx
• true or false

  the lower respiratory tract is contaminated


  false. thelower respiratory tractissterile
• flora in the nose (3)


  •Staphylococcus epidermidis•Staphylococcus aureus•Corynebacteria
• resident


  flora in theoropharynx(8)• Viridance streptococci• Commensal Neisseriae• Corynebacteria• Bacteroides• Fusobacteria, Veillonella, Actinomyces, Spirochaetes.

  (VeryCuriousCatBringsFriendlyVibesAlwaysSmiling)
• potential pathogens


  in theoropharynx(2)Haemophilus influenzaeandStreptococcus pneumoniae
• less common

  flora in theoropharynx(2)Streptococcus pyogenesandNeisseria meningitidis
• _____ contains 108 bacteria/ml


  saliva
• in the gastrointestinal tract, these are continually colonized by bacteria (2)


  gingival margin debrisanddental plaque
• true or false

  oesophagus flora same to pharyngeal flora


  true
• true or false

  an empty stomach is contaminated due to gastric acid


  false. anempty stomachissteriledue togastric acid
• duodenum, jejunum & upper ileum have ______ flora


  scanty (very little/minimum in quantity)
• true or false

  the large intestine is lightly colonized by bacteria


  false. the large intestine isheavilycolonized by bacteria.
• The primary anaerobic bacteria found in feces belong to the
• true or false

  approximately one-third (1/3) of the weight of feces consists of bacteria, most of which arelivingbacteria.false. dead bacteria.
• true or false

  the number ofliving bacteriain feces is about10¹⁰ (10 billion) bacteria per gram.true
• true or false

  99% of these bacteria in feces are anaerobes, which means they thrive in environments without oxygen.true
• the primary anaerobic bacteria found in feces belongs to the _______ _______ group


  Bacteroides fragilis group
• other common anaerobes in the feces (2)


  BifidobacteriaandLactobacilli.
• less common bacteria (2)

  E. coliandProteus species
• an

  anaerobic environmentin the intestine is maintained by______ ______, which consumes any free oxygen (O2) available.aerobic bacteria
• true or false

  thefemale genital tractis heavily colonized by microorganisms, with a bacterial concentration of about10⁸ bacteriaper milliliter(100 million bacteriain every milliliter of a particular substance)in normalvaginalsecretions.true
• an acid-fast bacillus or AFB can be found in genital secretions (both sexes). this bacterium is typically non-pathogenic but can


  contaminate urine samples, leading to potentialmisdiagnosisin urine tests.Mycobacterium smegmatis
• both males and females have similar microorganisms present in their

  distal urethra(3)Staphylococcus epidermidis

  Corynebacteria

  Mycoplasma
• the vulva is colonized by a variety of microorganisms, including:

  Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacteria, E. coli and other coliforms, Enterococcus faecalis
• the vagina has its own distinct set of microorganisms, with some playing protective roles:


  Lactobacilli (Doderlein's bacilli)

  Bacteroides melaninogenicus

  Enterococcus faecalis

  Corynebacteria

  Mycoplasma

  Yeasts
• true or false

  theskinhas a rich and diverseresident bacterial flora, with a density of about10⁴ bacteria per square centimeter. these bacteria exist asmicro-colonies, forming communities of microorganisms in various parts of the skin.true
• on the skin, anaerobic organisms predominate in areas with ___________ ______


  sebaceous glands
• moist skin is often colonized by __________

  coliforms
• what are the main skin flora? (6)

  •Propionibacterium acnes• Anaerobic cocci•S. epidermidis• Corynebacteria•S. aureus(less common, a potential pathogen)• Coliforms