Respiratory System

• What is the main focus of the study material?

  Pathway of Oxygen in the respiratory system
• What are the key components of the respiratory system discussed?

  Anatomy, histology, physiology, and measurements
• Why is understanding the anatomy and histology of the respiratory system important?

  It helps understand gas exchange and disease effects
• What is the role of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems?

  • They must be coupled for efficiency
  • Reduces stress on energy transformation mechanisms
  • Supports gas exchange between muscle cells and atmosphere

  
• What is the surface area of the alveolar surface?

  143 m²
• What is the capillary volume at rest?

  70 mL
• What is the primary function of the diaphragm in respiration?

  It generates tension for ventilation

  
• What percentage of minute ventilation does the diaphragm account for?

  Approximately 70%
• How does diaphragm contraction affect thoracic pressure?

  It increases thoracic volume and lowers pressure
• What are the functions of the diaphragm beyond ventilation?

  • Aids in discharging rectal contents
  • Facilitates coughing and sneezing
  • Assists in singing and playing wind instruments
• What happens to ventilation during REM sleep?

  It may become erratic
• What is the primary factor affecting airflow resistance?

  Airway length and radius
• What factors affect airway resistance?

  • Airway length
  • Radius of the airways
  • Lung volume
  • Elastic recoil
  • Bronchomotor tone
• What is required for successful gas exchange in the lungs?

  Lungs must be ventilated and perfused
• What is the normal partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood?

  Varies with conditions

  
• How does hemoglobin transport oxygen?

  • Large capacity for O2 compared to plasma
  • Carries multiple O2 molecules per hemoglobin
  • Releases O2 upon demand
  • Quickly loads and unloads O2

  
• What happens to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen during exercise?

  It decreases to deliver O2 effectively

  
• What is the formula for calculating bound oxygen?

  Bound O2 = [Hb] x binding affinity x SaO2
• If hemoglobin concentration is 15.0 g/dL, what is the bound oxygen?

  20.22 ml/100 ml
• What is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve's significance?

  • Shows hemoglobin's affinity for O2
  • Shifts with changes in temperature, pH, and PCO2
  • Indicates how O2 is released in tissues

  
• What occurs when the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right?

  Hemoglobin has a lower affinity for O2

  
• What is the effect of a leftward shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

  Hemoglobin has a higher affinity for O2

  
• What is the primary form of carbon dioxide transport in blood?

  Physical solution and bicarbonate
• What are the forms in which oxygen is stored in the body?

  • As a gas in the lungs
  • Dissolved in tissue fluids
  • As oxyhemoglobin in blood
  • As oxymyoglobin in muscle
• What is the solubility of CO2 in water related to?

  Related to PCO2 and solubility coefficient
• What is the Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation Curve used for?

  To illustrate oxygen binding to hemoglobin

  
• What happens to the Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation Curve when temperature decreases?

  The curve shifts to the left

  
• What does a leftward shift in the Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation Curve indicate?

  Higher affinity of hemoglobin for O2

  
• What is the formula for calculating bound O2?

  Bound O2 = [Hb] x binding affinity x SaO2
• If [Hb] = 15.0 g/dl, binding affinity = 1.39, and SaO2 = 0.97, what is the bound O2?

  20.22 ml/100 ml
• If [Hb] = 7.50 g/dl, binding affinity = 1.39, and SaO2 = 0.97, what is the bound O2?

  10.11 ml/100 ml
• How is CO2 transported in the blood?

  Through physical solution, carbonic acid, and carbamino compounds
• What is the solubility coefficient of CO2 related to?

  PCO2 and concentration of CO2 in blood
• What happens when CO2 combines with H2O in the blood?

  It forms carbonic acid
• What enzyme is present in red blood cells that speeds up the reaction of CO2 and H2O?

  Carbonic anhydrase
• What is the primary way CO2 is carried in the blood?

  As bicarbonate ions
• What happens to bicarbonate ions in the blood?

  They diffuse into extracellular fluid
• What is the role of Cl- in the transport of CO2?

  It diffuses into red blood cells
• What is the V/Q ratio at the apex of the lung?

  0.7
• What does a V/Q ratio of 1.0 indicate?

  Ventilation equals perfusion