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Brain
7. Language
7A. The Elements of Language
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Created by
Mabel Asare
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Cards (45)
How does the Oxford English Dictionary define language?
A system of spoken and written
communication
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What are the two main components of language according to the definition?
Speech
production
and
comprehension
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What method do honeybees use to communicate food presence?
Dance
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How do birds communicate to attract mates?
By
singing
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What type of communication do dolphins use?
Complex
, long-distance messages
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What do vervet monkeys use to communicate danger?
Specific
danger calls
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What unique ability do African grey parrots have?
They can mimic
speech
and sounds
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How is human language more complex than animal communication?
It includes
grammar
and
cognitive context
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What are the societal functions of speech and language?
Exchanging
thoughts
,
teaching
, and learning
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What does rapid language acquisition in babies suggest?
Evolved neural expertise
in the
brain
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What forms does human communication include?
Verbal and
non-verbal
forms
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What is the role of written language?
Allows
communication
across time
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What is the speech chain?
Articulation
,
sound production
, and
processing
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What do visual cues from facial movements provide?
Additional information and context
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What are phonemes?
Smallest
fundamental
elements of language
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How many phonemes exist in English?
46
phonemes
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How can the letter 'c' have different sounds?
It
varies
in
different
words
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How does changing a single phoneme affect words?
It can alter word
meaning
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What is the McGurk effect?
Vision
alters sound perception
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What are morphemes?
Second
smallest
language units with meaning
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What does the prefix 'dys-' indicate?
It makes a word
negative
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What does the suffix '-ed' do to a verb?
Changes it to
past tense
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What does the suffix '-ing' do to a word?
Turns it into a
verb
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What does syntax refer to?
Grammatical
structure of language
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What is the typical syntax structure in English?
Subject-verb-object
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Can grammatically correct sentences be nonsensical?
Yes
.
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How can syntax introduce ambiguity?
Context is needed to resolve
meanings
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What does semantics refer to?
The meaning of
sentences
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How does pragmatics affect word meaning?
Context
influences meaning
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How does intonation convey meaning?
Through
vocal tone
variations
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How is language acquisition described?
Cross-cultural
and nearly
universal
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How many words do children learn by age 6?
About
13,000
words
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How many words do teenagers know by age 18?
About
61,000
words
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What ability do babies have regarding sounds?
They can
discriminate
sounds adults cannot
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When is the ability to discriminate sounds lost?
Within the
first
year of life
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What did Noam Chomsky propose in 1959?
An
innate neural circuitry
for language
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What is the language acquisition device?
A network for
speech comprehension
and
production
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What did Chomsky believe about language acquisition stages?
They are relatively
invariant
across cultures
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What evidence supports innate language abilities in children?
Applying
grammatical
rules in novel contexts
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Who was Genie Wiley?
A neglected girl with
language deprivation
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