7A. The Elements of Language

Cards (45)

  • How does the Oxford English Dictionary define language?
    A system of spoken and written communication
  • What are the two main components of language according to the definition?
    Speech production and comprehension
  • What method do honeybees use to communicate food presence?
    Dance
  • How do birds communicate to attract mates?
    By singing
  • What type of communication do dolphins use?
    Complex, long-distance messages
  • What do vervet monkeys use to communicate danger?
    Specific danger calls
  • What unique ability do African grey parrots have?
    They can mimic speech and sounds
  • How is human language more complex than animal communication?
    It includes grammar and cognitive context
  • What are the societal functions of speech and language?
    Exchanging thoughts, teaching, and learning
  • What does rapid language acquisition in babies suggest?
    Evolved neural expertise in the brain
  • What forms does human communication include?
    Verbal and non-verbal forms
  • What is the role of written language?
    Allows communication across time
  • What is the speech chain?
    Articulation, sound production, and processing
  • What do visual cues from facial movements provide?
    Additional information and context
  • What are phonemes?
    Smallest fundamental elements of language
  • How many phonemes exist in English?
    46 phonemes
  • How can the letter 'c' have different sounds?
    It varies in different words
  • How does changing a single phoneme affect words?
    It can alter word meaning
  • What is the McGurk effect?
    Vision alters sound perception
  • What are morphemes?
    Second smallest language units with meaning
  • What does the prefix 'dys-' indicate?
    It makes a word negative
  • What does the suffix '-ed' do to a verb?
    Changes it to past tense
  • What does the suffix '-ing' do to a word?
    Turns it into a verb
  • What does syntax refer to?
    Grammatical structure of language
  • What is the typical syntax structure in English?
    Subject-verb-object
  • Can grammatically correct sentences be nonsensical?
    Yes.
  • How can syntax introduce ambiguity?
    Context is needed to resolve meanings
  • What does semantics refer to?
    The meaning of sentences
  • How does pragmatics affect word meaning?
    Context influences meaning
  • How does intonation convey meaning?
    Through vocal tone variations
  • How is language acquisition described?
    Cross-cultural and nearly universal
  • How many words do children learn by age 6?
    About 13,000 words
  • How many words do teenagers know by age 18?
    About 61,000 words
  • What ability do babies have regarding sounds?
    They can discriminate sounds adults cannot
  • When is the ability to discriminate sounds lost?
    Within the first year of life
  • What did Noam Chomsky propose in 1959?
    An innate neural circuitry for language
  • What is the language acquisition device?
    A network for speech comprehension and production
  • What did Chomsky believe about language acquisition stages?
    They are relatively invariant across cultures
  • What evidence supports innate language abilities in children?
    Applying grammatical rules in novel contexts
  • Who was Genie Wiley?
    A neglected girl with language deprivation