Crime & control

• What is an example of state-initiated crime?

  Challenger explosion
• What are the two categories of war crime?

  Illegal wars & crimes committed during
• Which definition do sociologists use for state crime?

  International law
• How do ordinary people come to commit state crimes?

  Crimes of obedience, modernity & authoritarian personality
• How do states justify or hide their crimes?

  Culture of denial or techniques of neutralisation
• Give an example of green crime with globalised connections.

  Rwanda, Bhopal, Chernobyl
• What are the two categories of secondary green crime?

  State violence against opposition, illegal toxic waste dumping
• What theory did Adler propose regarding women's opportunities?

  Liberation thesis
• What two deals did Carlen say women are encouraged to conform through?

  Class & gender deals
• What type of masculinity do homosexual men have?

  Subordinated – no desire for hegemonic
• What are the main concepts in Control, Punishment & Victims?

  • Control & surveillance: regulation & prevention
  • Punishment: perspectives of consequences
  • Victims: positivist vs. critical victimology
• What does situational crime prevention focus on?

  • Rational choice theory
  • Immediate fixing of deterioration
  • Zero-tolerance policing
• What does environmental crime prevention aim to address?

  • Underlying structural causes
  • Target hardening
  • Displacement of crime
• Who proposed the panopticon model of prisons?

  Foucault
• What kind of power is the panopticon based on?

  Disciplinary power
• What power was society based on before disciplinary power?

  Sovereign
• What are the differences in Foucault’s disciplinary power and actuarial justice?

  • Focuses on whole groups, not individuals
  • Interested in prevention, not rehabilitation
  • Uses actuarial analysis (risk calculations)
• What are the dangers of actuarial justice?

  • Social sorting
  • Categorical suspicion
  • Creating mass suspicion