Eukaryotic cells

• Describe and give the function of the cell surface membrane


  A Phospholipid bilayer, in a fluid mosaic model. Controls what enters and leaves the cell. It is a single membrane.
• describe and give the function of the nucleus 


  the nucleus has a double membrane to control what enters and leaves. it has pores in the membrane to allow larger molecules such as mRNA to pass out. the nucleus contains genetic information in the form of chromosome. it produces mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes along with DNA during replication
• Describe chromosomes found in the nucleus 


  Proteins bound linear DNA
• describe and give the function of mitochondria


  The site of aerobic respiration. The mitochondria has a double membrane. The inner membrane (cristae) is folded to increase surface area for reactions in aerobic respiration. The matrix contains enzymes for aerobic respiration, ribosomes and small circular DNA to allow the mitochondria to produce proteins
• Describe and give the function of a chloroplast in plants and algae 


  The site of photosynthesis. The chloroplast has a double membrane. They contain membrane bound discs called thylakoids, which are stacked into grana. This increases the surface area for reactions involved in photosynthesis. The stroma contains enzymes for photosynthesis, ribosomes and small

  circular DNA to allow chloroplasts to produce proteins. Starch grains can store products of photosynthesis.
• Describe and give the function of Golgi apparatus and Golgi vesicles

  A series of flattened sacs called cisternae. It modifies proteins and lipids, attaching carbohydrates to them to make glycoproteins/glycolipids. Proteins and other molecules can be packaged in to vesicles to transport substances around the cell. Lysosomes are made by the Golgi. They have a single membrane
• describe and give the function of of lysosomes

  Larger vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus which contain enzymes called lysozyme. They are used to hydrolyse materials ingested by white blood cells, or digest worn out organelles and cells. They have a single membrane.
• describe how lysosomes are different from vesicles

  Lysosomes are different from vesicles because they have lysozymes (enzymes) in them, whereas vesicles contain other molecules. They are both made by the Golgi apparatus.
• describe and give the function of ribosomes 


  Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. They are

  made of protein and RNA. They have 2 subunits that lock together. They can be found on membranes or free floating in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotes they are 80s.
• describe and give the function of the rough ER


  A system of ribosome covered, sheet like membranes. It provides a large surface area for protein synthesis and carries out modification of the proteins and provides a pathway for the transport of proteins and other molecule throughout the cell
• Describe and give the function of a cell wall 


  The cell wall provides mechanical strength to stop cells bursting. It is made of microfibrils of cellulose (plants) arranged as a lattice, and has a thin layer of pectin between cells called the middle lamellae.
• give the molecules cell walls are made of in plants algae and fungi

  Plant and algae cell walls are made of cellulose, fungi cell wells are made chitin
• describe and give the function of the vacuole

  A large, fluid filled sac surrounded by a single membrane called the tonoplast. It is a temporary store of sugars and amino acids, and helps to support plants by making cells turgid.