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Topic 8 A
Gene expression
Epigenetics
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What does gene expression refer to?
When
DNA
or a gene is expressed
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What processes are included in gene expression?
Transcription
and
translation
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How is gene expression controlled in eukaryotic organisms?
Through
epigenetics
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What does epigenetics control in gene expression?
Initiating or preventing
transcription
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What is the definition of epigenetics?
Heritable
change in
gene function
without
DNA sequence
change
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What does a change in gene function mean in the context of epigenetics?
Preventing
gene expression
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What causes changes in gene function in epigenetics?
Environmental factors
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What are some examples of environmental factors affecting epigenetics?
Diet
, stress, and
toxins
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What are chemical tags in the context of epigenetics?
Tags that modify
DNA
or
histones
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What is the epigenome?
A layer of chemical tags around
DNA
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How does the epigenome affect DNA structure?
Affects
coiling
of DNA
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What is heterochromatin?
Tightly
coiled
DNA
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What is chromatin?
Loosely coiled
DNA
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What is the effect of increased methylation on DNA?
Inhibits
transcription
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Why does increased methylation inhibit transcription?
DNA
becomes tightly
coiled
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Where do methyl groups attach in DNA?
To the
cytosine base
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What is the role of acetyl groups in epigenetics?
They bind to
histones
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How do acetyl groups affect DNA structure?
They loosen DNA
packing
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What is the relationship between heterochromatin and transcription?
Heterochromatin
inhibits
transcription
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What causes euchromatin to allow transcription?
Decreased
methylation
and increased
acetylation
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What are tumor suppressor genes?
Genes that slow down
cell division
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What happens if there is a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene?
Results in a
non-functioning protein
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What are two examples of tumor suppressor genes linked to breast cancer?
BRCA1
and
BRCA2
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What effect does hypermethylation have on tumor suppressor genes?
Turns off the gene
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What does hypomethylation lead to in oncogenes?
Permanent activation
of the gene
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What is the consequence of hypermethylation in tumor suppressor genes?
Excess
cell
growth and
division
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What do oncogenes do?
Trigger
mitosis
to occur
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What are the key concepts of epigenetics related to cancer development?
Tumor suppressor genes slow down cell division
Mutations in
tumor suppressor genes
can lead to cancer
Hypermethylation
can switch off tumor suppressor genes
Hypomethylation
can permanently activate
oncogenes
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What are the effects of methylation and acetylation on DNA structure and transcription?
Increased methylation: DNA tightly coiled, transcription inhibited
Decreased methylation: DNA loosely coiled, transcription allowed
Increased acetylation: DNA loosely packed, transcription allowed
Decreased acetylation: DNA tightly coiled, transcription inhibited
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