Feminism

• What does Liberal or Reformist Feminism focus on?

  Human rights and individual freedom
• How does Liberal Feminism align with Enlightenment principles?

  It advocates for equal rights for all individuals
• What is the belief of reformism in Liberal Feminism?

  Gradual societal reforms can achieve gender equality
• What tools does Liberal Feminism argue are effective for securing equal opportunities for women?

  Laws and policies against sex discrimination
• What cultural change does Liberal Feminism campaign for?

  Challenging traditional stereotypes and prejudices
• What does Liberal Feminism reject regarding gender capabilities?

  Biological determinism, asserting equal capabilities
• According to Oakley (1972), what is 'sex' defined as?

  Biological differences
• How does Oakley (1972) define 'gender'?

  Culturally constructed roles
• How do gender differences compare to biological sex differences?

  Gender differences vary across cultures and time
• How are stereotypes and sexist attitudes formed according to Oakley?

  They are culturally constructed through socialization
• What does Oakley advocate for to change socialization patterns?

  Promoting positive role models
• What are the instrumental roles typically assigned to men?

  Work and politics in the public sphere
• What are the expressive roles typically assigned to women?

  Caregiving and emotional labor in the private sphere
• How do liberal feminists view the division of roles between men and women?

  It prevents both from fulfilling their potential
• When did Radical Feminism emerge?

  In the 1970s
• What is the key focus of Radical Feminism?

  Patriarchy as a universal system of oppression
• According to Firestone (1974), what is the origin of patriarchy?

  Women’s biological role in childbirth
• How does Radical Feminism view the relationship between men and women?

  Men universally oppress women
• In what spheres does Radical Feminism examine power relationships?

  Public and private spheres
• How does patriarchy influence sexuality according to Radical Feminism?

  Through constructs like pornography
• What are the strategies for change proposed by Radical Feminism?

  1. Separatism: Living apart from men
  2. Consciousness-raising: Sharing experiences for collective action
  3. Political lesbianism: Viewing heterosexual relationships as oppressive
• What criticism do Marxists have of Radical Feminism?

  It overlooks class inequality as fundamental
• What do critics say about the strategies of Radical Feminism?

  Strategies like separatism are unrealistic
• What does Marxist Feminism link women's oppression to?

  Capitalism
• How does women's subordination benefit capitalism?

  By acting as a source of cheap labor
• What are the ways women's subordination benefits capitalism?

  1. Source of cheap labor
  2. Reserve labor force during booms
  3. Reproducing and socializing the workforce
  4. Absorbing frustrations of male workers
• What does Marxist Feminism argue is necessary for women's liberation?

  Overthrowing capitalism and familism ideology
• What is a criticism of Marxist Feminism regarding non-capitalist societies?

  It doesn't explain female subordination there
• What does Dual Systems Feminism combine?

  Elements of Marxist and Radical Feminism
• How does Dual Systems Feminism view capitalism and patriarchy?

  As intertwined systems that oppress women
• What does Walby (1988) say about capitalism and patriarchy?

  They sometimes conflict over women's roles
• What does Poststructuralist Feminism focus on?

  Discourses and their role in power dynamics
• What does Butler critique about traditional feminism?

  It assumes a universal “womanhood”
• How does Poststructuralist Feminism view identities?

  As fluid and shaped by discourses
• What does Poststructuralist Feminism enable in terms of analysis?

  Analysis of diverse forms of oppression
• What does Walby (1992) acknowledge about women?

  Differences among women and shared experiences
• What do critics argue about Poststructuralist Feminism's focus?

  It weakens feminism by emphasizing diversity
• What does Difference Feminism emphasize?

  Diversity of women’s experiences
• What critique does Difference Feminism make about feminist theories?

  They claim a ‘false universality’
• What does Difference Feminism reject?

  Essentialism regarding women's experiences