adaptions of digestive system

• Where is bile made and stored?

  Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
• What is the purpose of bile being alkaline?

  To neutralise stomach acid for enzyme function.
• How does bile aid in lipid digestion?

  Bile emulsifies lipids into smaller droplets.
• Why is the small intestine adapted for diffusion?

  It has folded villi that increase surface area.
• What role do mitochondria play in small intestine cells?

  They release energy for active transport.
• What does hydrochloric acid in the stomach do?

  It kills bacteria in food.
• What is the optimal environment for pepsin to work?

  Acidic environment with pH 2.
• How is the body adapted to break down protein?

  Through mechanical digestion and protease enzymes.
• What is the function of lipase in digestion?

  It breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
• What are the adaptations of the small intestine for nutrient absorption?

  • Folded villi increase surface area
  • Villi are one cell thick for short diffusion path
  • Good blood supply maintains concentration gradient
• What is the role of bile in digestion?

  Bile emulsifies fats and neutralises stomach acid.
• What happens to food in the small intestine?

  It is absorbed into the blood for energy.
• What is the effect of low temperatures on enzyme activity?

  Enzyme activity slows down due to low kinetic energy.
• What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?

  They denature and lose their active site shape.
• What are the optimum conditions for enzyme activity?

  • Specific temperatures (around 37°C)
  • Specific pH levels for each enzyme
• What is the function of carbohydrases in digestion?

  They break down starch into glucose molecules.
• What is the relationship between substrate and enzyme active site?

  The substrate fits into the enzyme's active site.
• How does coeliac disease affect nutrient absorption?

  It reduces surface area of villi, leading to less absorption.
• What are the products of protein digestion?

  Amino acids are the products of protein digestion.
• What is the role of bile in emulsification?

  Bile breaks large fat droplets into smaller droplets.
• What is the significance of a steep concentration gradient in the small intestine?

  It enhances the diffusion of nutrients into the blood.
• What is the main function of the villi in the small intestine?

  To increase surface area for absorption.
• How does the body utilize absorbed nutrients?

  To make new carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
• What happens to enzyme activity when pH levels are not optimal?

  Enzyme activity decreases as the active site changes shape.
• What is the digestive enzyme that breaks down fats?

  Lipase is the enzyme that breaks down fats.
• What is the effect of chewing on protein digestion?

  Chewing mechanically digests food for easier breakdown.
• How does the structure of the small intestine facilitate nutrient absorption?

  Its folded structure increases surface area for absorption.
• What is the role of the enzyme-substrate complex?

  It facilitates the conversion of substrates into products.
• What are the products of carbohydrate digestion?

  Glucose is the product of carbohydrate digestion.
• Why is it important for enzymes to have optimum conditions?

  To ensure maximum efficiency in catalyzing reactions.
• How does the presence of a good blood supply in the small intestine aid absorption?

  It maintains a steep concentration gradient for diffusion.
• What is the main function of protease enzymes?

  To break down proteins into smaller amino acids.
• What happens to enzyme activity at human body temperature?

  Enzyme activity is at its optimum level.
• How does mechanical digestion aid in the digestive process?

  It breaks food into smaller pieces for easier enzymatic action.
• What is the significance of the enzyme-substrate complex in digestion?

  It allows the enzyme to convert substrates into products.
• What is the role of amylase in digestion?

  Amylase breaks down carbohydrates into sugars.
• How does the body respond to low nutrient absorption due to coeliac disease?

  It may lead to weight loss and fatigue.
• What is the impact of enzyme denaturation on digestion?

  It prevents substrates from fitting into the active site.
• What is the primary function of bile in the digestive system?

  To emulsify fats and neutralise stomach acid.
• What is the relationship between enzyme activity and temperature?

  Enzyme activity increases with temperature up to optimum.