Organic mechanism

• What type of substitution is discussed first in the video?

  Nucleophilic substitution
• What are the two common halogens mentioned for nucleophilic substitution?

  Bromine and chlorine
• What does a nucleophile do in nucleophilic substitution?

  Attacks the positively charged carbon
• What is a curly arrow used to represent?

  Movement of a pair of electrons
• What does a two-headed curly arrow indicate?

  Movement of a pair of electrons
• What happens when a nucleophile donates a lone pair?

  Forms a dative covalent bond
• In the example with hydroxide, what does the hydroxide ion attack?

  A hydrogen atom on the haloalkane
• What is formed when the hydroxide ion attacks the carbon?

  An alcohol and a bromide ion
• What is the product when cyanide ion is used as a nucleophile?

  A nitrile compound
• What happens to ammonia when it acts as a nucleophile?

  It forms a positive charge after bonding
• How does a primary amine react in subsequent nucleophilic substitution?

  It can act as a nucleophile itself
• What is the product of a secondary amine reacting with a haloalkane?

  A tertiary amine
• What is a quaternary ammonium salt?

  A nitrogen with four carbon chains
• What is the result of elimination reactions with hydroxide ions?

  Formation of an alkene
• What does the hydroxide ion attack in elimination reactions?

  A hydrogen atom on the haloalkane
• What is the mechanism for alkenes discussed in the video?

  Electrophilic addition
• What is an electrophile?

  An electron pair acceptor
• What is the electron density in an alkene due to?

  The presence of double bonds
• What are the electrophiles mentioned for electrophilic addition?

  Diatomic halogens, hydrogen halides, sulfuric acid
• What is the dipole present in diatomic halogens?

  Delta positive and delta negative charges
• How does electronegativity affect dipoles in molecules?

  It creates regions of partial positive and negative charge
• What is a leaving group in nucleophilic substitution?

  A group that departs with an electron pair
• Why is it important to show dipoles in mechanisms?

  To indicate electron density and charge distribution
• What role do lone pairs play in nucleophilic attacks?

  They provide electrons for bond formation
• What are the diatomic halogens you need to know?

  Cl₂, Br₂, etc.
• What is an example of a hydrogen halide?

  Hydrogen bromide
• What is the chemical formula for sulfuric acid?

  H₂SO₄
• What is the process of electrophilic addition with diatomic halogens?

  • Diatomic halogen (e.g., Br₂) induces a dipole.
  • Electrons from double bond attract to positive halogen.
  • One halogen atom bonds, the other leaves as a halide ion.
  • Forms a carbocation intermediate.
  • Final product is a dibromo compound.
• How does a dipole form in diatomic bromine?

  Identical atoms create a temporary dipole.
• What happens to the double bond during electrophilic addition with bromine?

  The double bond breaks to form a single bond.
• What type of ion is formed when bromine leaves in electrophilic addition?

  Bromide ion
• What is a carbocation?

  A positively charged carbon ion.
• What are the types of carbocations?

  Primary, secondary, tertiary
• What is the product of the reaction between an alkene and hydrogen bromide?

  Bromoalkane
• What is the process of electrophilic addition with hydrogen halides?

  • Hydrogen halide (e.g., HBr) has a dipole.
  • Electrons from double bond attract to positive hydrogen.
  • Bromine leaves as a bromide ion.
  • Forms a carbocation intermediate.
  • Final product is a haloalkane.
• How does sulfuric acid behave in electrophilic addition?

  Acts similarly to hydrogen halides.
• What is the product of the reaction with sulfuric acid?

  Alkyl hydrogen sulfate
• What is the hydration of ethene process?

  • H⁺ from phosphoric acid attacks ethene.
  • Forms a carbocation intermediate.
  • Water donates a lone pair to form an alcohol.
  • Final product is an alcohol.
• What is the strong acid used in the hydration of ethene?

  Phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄)
• What is the acid-catalyzed elimination reaction?

  • Alcohol reacts with a strong acid.
  • Forms a carbocation intermediate.
  • Water is eliminated, forming an alkene.
  • Final product is an alkene.