Topic 2 - Cells and Control

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    chloe

    Cards (60)

    • What is a haploid cell
      A cell which only contains half the normal amount of genetic material
    • What happens when two haploid cells join
      Form a diploid cell
    • What are specialised cells
      • Cells which have a specific role in the body and have certain adaptations that help them to fulfil that role
    • What is differentiation
      The process in which cells change to become specialised
    • What are stem cells
      • Cells that can divide by mitosis to form more cells and can differentiate into specialised cells
    • What is produced when a zygote goes through mitosis
      Divides into small group of cells making an embryo
    • what are the small groups of cells in the embryo called
      • Embryonic stem cells
      • Cells that can differentiate into any type of cell
    • Where are adult stem cells found and what can they do
      • Found in bone marrow
      • Can divide by mitosis to form
      • Can only differentiate into different types of blood cells
    • What is The difference between plant stem cells and embryonic cells
      • Embryonic cells which disappear when we have fully developed
      • Plant stem cells persist for the plant’s entire life
    • How do scientist use stem cells to treat some conditions
      • Extract embryonic cells from early embryos
      • Grow them in a lab
      • Stimulate them to differentiate into whichever type of cell you need
      • Give them to the patient to replace their faulty cells
    • What are the disadvantages of using stem cells to treat some conditions
      • Requires embryonic cells which are limited
      • patient’s immune system may reject the stem cells
    • What are risks of using stem cells in medicine
      • Virus transmission
      • Tumour development as stem cells divide very quickly
    • What is mitosis
      Type of cell division where cells divide to produce new cells for growth, reparation and replacement of damaged cells
    • What is formed as a result of mitosis
      Two daughter cells that are genetically identical. It will contain a full set of dna (diploid cells)
    • What are the stages of mitosis in order
      • Interphase
      • prophase
      • Metaphase
      • Anaphase
      • Telophase
      • Cytokinesis
    • What happens during interphase
      The cell grows and increases number of sub cellular structures e.g mitochondria and ribosomes. DNA replicates forming 2 copies of each chromosome
    • What happens during prophase
      Chromosomes condenses becoming shorter and more visible. Nuclear membranes breaks down and spindle fibre begin to form
    • What happens during metaphase
      All chromosomes gather at the centre of the celL. Chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibres
    • What happens during anaphase
      Spindle fibres pull chromosomes apart so each arm of the chromosome is pulled to opposite end of the cell
    • What happens during telophase
      new nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes which become nucleus of each new cell
    • What happens during cytokinesis
      The cell membrane and cytoplasm divide to form 2 genetically identical cells
    • Where are plant stem cells found
      meristems which are areas that are continuously growing e.g roots and shoots of plants
    • What makes up the central nervous system
      The spinal cord and the brain
    • What does the cerebral cortex do
      • Controls senses such as eyesight and hearing
      • intelligence
      • Memory
      • Language
    • What does the cerebellum control
      • balance
      • Muscle coordination
    • What does the hypothalamus do in the brain
      • Regulates body temperature
      • Sends signals to the pituitary gland
    • What does the medulla do
      • Controls breathing
      • Controls beating of our heart
    • What are the 4 main parts of the brain
      • Cerebral cortex
      • Cerebellum
      • Hypothalamus
      • Medulla (in brain stem)
    • How do scientists study the brain
      • study people with brain damage
      • Electrically stimulate different parts of the brain using an electrode
      • Scanning the brain (ct, pet, mri)
    • Why is treating the brain so difficult
      • tumours development
      • trauma
      • Mental health problems
      • Infections
      • Not enough information on the brain
    • What are neurones
      Cells that carry information as electrical impulses in the nervous system
    • What is the synapse
      The connection between two neurones where the nerve signal is transferred across by diffusion of neurotransmitters
    • what does a sensory neurone do
      Carries impulses from receptor cells to the cns
    • What do motor neurones do
      Carry impulses from the cns to the effector cells
    • What do relay neurones do
      Carry impulses from sensory neurones to motor neurones
    • What does the myelin sheath do
      Acts as an insulator, speeding up the electrical impulse
    • What does a receptor do
      React/ detect a stimuli
    • What is a reflex
      An automatic reaction to a stimulus
    • What happens to the electrical signal at a synapse
      Electrical signal is converted to a chemical signal
    • What is the order of how electrical impulses flow from receptors to effectors
      Receptors, sensory neurones, relay neurones, motor neurones, effectors
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