bonding ✩

• conductor


  a material which contains charged particles which are free to move to carry electrical or thermal energy.
• covalent bond


  a shared pair of electrons between two non-metals
• diamond


  a giant covalent structure which is made up of carbon atoms each of which form four covalent bonds with four other carbon atoms.
• electrostatic forces


  the strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
• fullerenes


  fullerenes are molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes. the structures are based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms but they may also contain rings with five or seven carbon atoms.
• gas


  the state of matter where the particles have the most energy. the particles in a gas are relatively spread out and move randomly in all directions.
• graphene 


  a single layer of graphite with properties that make it useful in electronics and composites.
• graphite


  a giant covalent structure which is made up of carbon atoms each of which form three covalent bonds with three other carbon atoms, forming layers of hexagonal rings which have no covalent bonds between the layers.
• ion


  an atom or molecule with an electric charge due to the loss or gain of electrons.
• ionic bonds


  a metal atom loses electron(s) to form a positively charged ion and a non-metal gains these electron(s) to form a negatively charged ion. an ionic bond is formed between the oppositely charged ions.
• ionic compound


  chemical compound formed of ions, held together by strong electrostatic forces.
• intermolecular forces


  the forces which exist between molecules. the strength of the intermolecular forces impact physical properties like boiling/melting point.
• lattice


  a repeating regular arrangement of atoms/ions/molecules. this arrangement occurs in crystal structures.
• liquids


  the state of matter where the particles are arranged randomly and close together and are able to move past each other.
• metallic bond


  the bonds present in metals between the positive metal ions and negatively charged electrons.
• metals


  elements that react to form positive ions. Found to the left and towards the bottom of the periodic table.
• non-metals


  elements that react to form negative ions. Found towards the right and top of the periodic table
• particle theory


  the theory which models the three states of matter by representing the particles as small solid spheres. Particle theory can help to explain melting, boiling, freezing and condensing.
• polymers


  large long-chain molecules made up of lots of small monomers joined together by covalent bonds.
• repeat unit


  the part of a polymer whose repetition would produce the complete polymer chain.
• solid


  the state of matter where the particles hold a regular arrangement and have the least amount of energy.
• state symbols


  the symbols used in chemical equations to denote the states of the chemicals reacting: (s) - solid, (l) - liquid, (g) - gas, (aq) - aqueous solution.