Exercise physiology and biomechanics

• What is linear motion?

  Motion in a straight or curved line
• What does it mean for all body parts to move the same distance?

  They move in the same direction at the same speed
• What are the forces acting on a body?

  Gravity, air resistance, friction, muscle force, weight, ground reaction
• What is Newton's 1st Law of Motion also known as?

  The Law of Inertia
• How is inertia related to mass?

  The greater the mass, the greater the inertia
• What does Newton's 1st Law state about a body in motion?

  It continues in its state of rest or motion
• What compels a body to change its state of motion?

  Forces exerted upon it
• What happens to a sprinter at the starting blocks?

  Remains at rest until a force causes movement
• What causes a ball to change its motion?

  An external force acting on it
• What is Newton's 2nd Law of Motion also known as?

  The Law of Acceleration
• What does the formula F = MA represent?

  Force equals mass times acceleration
• How does the size and direction of force affect acceleration?

  It determines the size and direction of acceleration
• What is momentum in sports?

  Momentum equals mass times velocity
• What was Usain Bolt's acceleration when he set the 100m record?

  9.5 m/s²
• How do you calculate the force acting on Usain Bolt?

  F = 94 kg x 9.5 m/s² = 893 N
• What determines the acceleration of a sprinter?

  The size and direction of the force applied
• What does Newton's 3rd Law of Motion state?

  For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
• What is ground reaction force?

  The force exerted by the ground on a performer
• How does a football remain at rest on the penalty spot?

  Until an external force is applied
• What happens when a greater force is applied to a football?

  The greater the force, the greater the rate of change of momentum
• How does a tennis player move towards a ball during a rally?

  By applying force through muscular contraction
• What are the steps a tennis player takes to move towards a ball?

  1. Apply force through muscles
  2. Overcome inertia to start moving
  3. Maintain constant velocity until acted upon
  4. Use muscles to slow down when necessary
• How can Newton's laws be applied to a team sport?

  1. Law of Inertia: Player remains stationary until acted upon
  2. Law of Acceleration: Force applied determines acceleration
  3. Law of Action/Reaction: Player exerts force on ground, ground reacts
• What happens to the football on the penalty spot until a force is applied?

  It remains at rest
• How does the size of the force affect the football's motion?

  Greater force increases momentum and acceleration
• In which direction does the football travel when a force is applied?

  In the same direction as the force
• How does a high jumper take off from the ground?

  1. Apply force through legs
  2. Overcome inertia to jump
  3. Use ground reaction force for upward motion
  4. Achieve maximum height through acceleration
• What type of force is applied to the ball from the foot during a penalty shot?

  An external action force
• What reaction force does the ball apply back to the foot?

  An equal and opposite reaction force
• How does a tennis player move towards a ball during a rally?

  By applying force through muscular contraction
• What does Newton's First Law of Motion state?

  A performer remains stationary unless a force is applied
• What happens to the performer when a force is applied?

  The performer overcomes inertia and moves
• What is the relationship between force and acceleration according to Newton's Second Law?

  Force equals mass times acceleration
• What is the formula for Newton's Second Law?

  $F =$$MA$
• How does the mass of a performer affect acceleration?

  Greater force leads to greater acceleration
• What is the ground reaction force?

  The force exerted by the ground on the performer
• How does force govern direction in motion?

  Force determines the direction of movement
• What is the definition of the centre of mass?

  The point of balance of a body
• What factors affect stability in a performer?

  Height of centre of mass, base of support, mass
• How does lowering the centre of mass affect stability?

  It increases stability