schizophrenia

• What characterizes schizophrenia?


  Disruptions in thought processes and behavior
• What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

  Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking
• What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

  Avolition, speech poverty, flat affect
• What does ICD-11 focus on?

  Broader symptom clusters
• What does DSM-5 require for schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Two or more symptoms for at least one month
• What is the genetic basis of schizophrenia?

  It tends to run in families
• What do twin studies reveal about schizophrenia?

  Higher concordance rates in MZ twins
• What are candidate genes linked to schizophrenia?

  Variants in COMT and DRD2
• What does the dopamine hypothesis explain?

  Imbalances in dopamine levels cause symptoms
• What are neural correlates of schizophrenia?

  Enlarged ventricles and reduced prefrontal activity
• What is a strength of biological explanations for schizophrenia?

  Supported by neuroimaging and genetic studies
• What is a limitation of biological explanations for schizophrenia?

  Oversimplifies the disorder, ignoring environment
• What does family dysfunction theory suggest?

  Contradictory messages increase schizophrenia risk
• What are expressed emotions in families?

  High criticism, hostility, and emotional involvement
• What do cognitive explanations link to hallucinations?

  Difficulty distinguishing internal and external sources
• What is a strength of cognitive explanations for schizophrenia?

  Family therapy and cognitive therapies are effective
• What is a limitation of cognitive explanations for schizophrenia?

  Correlation cannot establish causality
• What is drug therapy for schizophrenia?

  Use of antipsychotics to reduce symptoms
• What do typical antipsychotics do?

  Block dopamine receptors to target positive symptoms
• What do atypical antipsychotics do?

  Act on both dopamine and serotonin
• What is a strength of drug therapy?

  Effective for reducing symptoms
• What are side effects of drug therapy?

  Weight gain, tardive dyskinesia, agranulocytosis
• What does CBT do for schizophrenia?

  Challenges irrational thoughts and manages symptoms
• What does family therapy aim to do?

  Reduce expressed emotions and improve dynamics
• What are token economies?

  Behavioral therapy used in institutional settings
• What is a strength of psychological therapies?

  Effective when combined with drug therapy
• What is a limitation of psychological therapies?

  May not address biological causes
• What does the diathesis-stress model explain?

  Genetic vulnerability plus environmental stress triggers schizophrenia
• What did Tienari's 2004 study find?

  Adopted children with genetic risk develop disorder in dysfunctional families
• What did Gottesman's 1991 study focus on?

  Family studies on genetic influence