parasitology

• What are the major Kinetoplastida parasites affecting humans and livestock?

  Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba, Giardia, Leishmania, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Trichomonas, Trypanosoma
• Why is motility important for the pathogenicity of Kinetoplastida parasites?

  It aids in their movement and infection process
• What is the structure important for motility in eukaryotic cells?

  The eukaryotic flagellum

  
• What are the protozoan parasitic infections listed in the study material?

  • Cryptosporidium Sp: Diarrhea
  • Entamoeba histolytica: Amebic dysentery
  • Giardia lamblia: Diarrhea
  • Leishmania sp: Cutaneous or Visceral disease
  • Plasmodium sp: Malaria
  • Toxoplasma gondii: Birth defects or encephalitis
  • Trichomonas vaginalis: Inflammation of the genital tract
  • Trypanosoma cruzi: Chagas disease
  • Trypanosoma brucei: African sleeping sickness
• What is the transmission method for Cryptosporidium Sp?

  Water
• What disease is caused by Entamoeba histolytica?

  Amebic dysentery
• How is Giardia lamblia transmitted?

  Through food and water
• What disease is associated with Leishmania sp.?

  Cutaneous or Visceral disease
• What is the transmission method for Plasmodium sp.?

  By mosquitoes
• What are the potential outcomes of Toxoplasma gondii infection?

  Birth defects or encephalitis
• How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted?

  Sexually transmitted
• What disease does Trypanosoma cruzi cause?

  Chagas disease

  
• What is the disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei?

  African sleeping sickness

  
• What is the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infections?

  1-10% prevalence in AIDS patients
• What is the estimated number of malaria cases per year?

  300 million cases per year
• What is the annual death toll from Toxoplasma gondii?

  70,000 deaths per year
• What is the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infections?

  174 million per year
• What is the transmission method for Leishmania spp.?

  Transmitted by sandflies
• What is the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei?

  Transmitted by tsetse flies

  
• What are the two human forms of African trypanosomiasis?

  1. brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense

  
• What is the primary difference between T. brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense?

  Gambiense is slowly developing; Rhodesiense is rapid
• What are the two stages of African sleeping sickness?

  Hemolymphatic stage and CNS invasion
• What symptoms occur in the hemolymphatic stage of African sleeping sickness?

  Fever, headache, and asymptomatic phases
• What happens in the second stage of African sleeping sickness?

  Invasion of the central nervous system

  
• What is the diagnosis method for African sleeping sickness?

  Patient symptoms and blood examination
• What is the treatment for early-stage T. gambiense?

  Pentamidine
• What is the treatment for stage 2 T. gambiense?

  Eflornithine
• What is the composition of eukaryotic flagella?

  9 + 2 microtubule axoneme

  
• What is the function of dynein arms in flagella movement?

  They walk along the B-tubule

  
• What is the role of the flagellar pocket in Trypanosoma brucei?

  Site of endocytosis and exocytosis
• What are the important features of the Trypanosoma brucei life cycle and infection?

  • Transmitted by tsetse flies
  • Lives in the bloodstream
  • Causes headaches, fever, weakness
  • Crosses blood-brain barrier
  • 100% mortality without treatment

  
• What are the universal properties of trypanosomatids?

  • Parasitic with one or two hosts
  • Kinetoplast containing mitochondrial DNA
  • Distinct metabolic features (glycosome)
  • Shared structural features (single flagellum)
• What are the stages of the life cycle where motility is important for Kinetoplastida parasites?

  • Moving from insect salivary gland to bloodstream
  • Movement within the mammalian bloodstream
  • Moving from mid-gut to salivary glands in tsetse fly
  • Attachment in salivary glands

  
• What is the significance of the term "auger body" in relation to Trypanosoma?

  It describes its corkscrew-like movement

  
• How does a flagellum produce movement?

  By sliding of microtubules
• What drives the movement of dynein arms in flagella?

  ATP

  
• What is the role of the paraflagellar rod (PFR) in Kinetoplastida parasites?

  Provides structural support to the flagellum
• What is the significance of the flagellar pocket in Trypanosoma brucei?

  It is the only site for endocytosis and exocytosis
• What is the function of the basal body in flagella assembly?

  It serves as the anchor for flagella
• What is the role of the flagellum attachment zone (FAZ) in Trypanosoma brucei?

  It anchors the flagellum to the cell body