Bruner and Minturn’s study

• What is expectation in relation to perception?

  Beliefs based on past experiences can affect how much we attend to things.
• What is the aim of this study?

  To find out if an ambiguous figure is seen differently if context is changed.
• What method was used in this study?

  Participants shown a sequence of letters or numbers with an ambiguous figure in the middle.
• What were the results of this study?

  Those who saw letters said B.

  Those who saw numbers said 13.
• What were the conclusions of this study?

  Shows expectation is affected by the context the figure is presented.
• What was a positive evaluation of this study?

  Real-world application, the study can explain the sometimes serious mistakes people make in the real world. (APPLICABILITY)
• What is another negative of the study?

  Artificial task, ambiguous figures are designed to trick perception, so task lacks validity.
• What is an ambiguous figure? 


  Two possible interpretations of an image, brain cant decide which one is true.