Developmental-Lecture 4

• What is the definition of temperament in psychology?

  Foundation of personality, biologically determined
• What does the attachment figure provide for an infant?

  A secure basis for exploration
• What is an emotional response?

  An emotional reaction to a stimulus
• How do emotions differ from moods?

  Emotions are short-term, moods are long-term
• What are primary emotions?

  Basic emotions like joy and fear
• What are secondary emotions also known as?

  Self-conscious emotions
• At what age does contentment typically appear?

  At birth
• What is social referencing?

  Using others' emotions to interpret situations
• How do the maturational and learning perspectives differ in emotional development?


  Maturational focuses on biology, learning on environment
• What does the Caregiver Sensitivity Hypothesis suggest?

  Carer's sensitivity affects attachment quality
• What is the first phase of attachment?

  Asocial phase, birth to ~6 weeks
• What characterizes the ambivalent/resistant attachment style?

  Little exploration, distress upon separation
• How does the Temperament Hypothesis relate to attachment?

  Temperament influences the type of attachment formed
• What are the phases of attachment according to Ainsworth?

  1. Asocial phase: birth to ~6 weeks
  2. Indiscriminate attachment phase: ~6 weeks to 6 months
  3. Specific attachment phase: ~7 to 9 months
  4. Multiple attachment phase: ~9 to 18 months
• What is the Strange Situation Task used for?

  To assess attachment quality in infants
• What is the role of primary reinforcers in attachment?

  They provide essential needs like food and comfort
• How do early attachment experiences influence lifelong outcomes?

  They create internal working models of relationships
• What are the theories of attachment discussed in the material?

  1. Caregiver Sensitivity Hypothesis
  2. Temperament Hypothesis
  3. Learning Theory
  4. Ethological Theories
• Who proposed the Ethological theories of attachment?

  John Bowlby
• What is the Kewpie doll effect?

  Cute features promote attachment in infants
• How does caregiver behavior affect attachment quality?

  Consistent sensitivity leads to secure attachment
• What is the significance of the internal working model in attachment?

  It shapes future perceptions of relationships
• What is the role of social learning in emotional reactions?

  It influences how emotions are displayed
• How do temperament and attachment overlap?

  Both influence emotional and social development
• What is the impact of non-normative life influences on temperament?

  They can alter temperament stability
• What are the primary and secondary emotions identified in the material?

  Primary emotions:

  • Joy
  • Fear
  • Sadness
  • Disgust
  • Surprise
  • Anger

  
  

  Secondary emotions:

  • Pride
  • Shame
  • Jealousy
• What is the age range for the emergence of true fear in infants?

  7-9 months
• What is the significance of the reflexive smile in newborns?

  It indicates spontaneous emotional response
• How does the stability of temperament manifest from infancy to adulthood?

  Temperamental traits remain moderately stable
• What is the role of emotions in cognitive processes?

  They impact memory, reasoning, and decision making
• What is the primary function of emotions according to the functionalist perspective?

  To help achieve goals and adapt
• How do infants recognize and interpret emotions in others?

  Shaped by experience and social interactions
• What is the relationship between temperament and attachment according to Rettew & McKee?

  They overlap considerably but remain controversial
• What is the significance of the emotional responses in infants?

  They indicate developmental progress and attachment
• How do emotional responses influence social interactions?

  They help structure interactions with others