Physiology

• What is anatomy?

  Structure of organs and tissues
• What is physiology?

  Function of organs and tissues
• Why is understanding physiology important?

  Helps understand how body systems can malfunction
• How can studying anatomy and physiology together benefit learning?

  It provides a comprehensive understanding of body functions
• What is the common integument?

  Skin
• How do body systems interact?

  They work closely with each other
• Which systems work closely with the integumentary system?

  Nervous and cardiovascular systems
• What is one function of skin?

  Protection
• What is another function of skin?

  Immune Defence
• What is a function of skin related to the environment?

  Tactile Sensing of the Environment
• What is thermoregulation?

  Regulation of body temperature
• What is one function of skin related to storage?

  Storage and Excretion
• What is a function of skin related to communication?

  Communication and Camouflage
• What does selective permeability refer to in skin?


  Control of substance entry and exit
• What are the functions of the integument?

  • Protection
  • Immune Defence
  • Tactile Sensing
  • Thermoregulation
  • Storage and Excretion
  • Communication and Camouflage
  • Selective Permeability
• What are mechanoreceptors?

  Receptors that respond to mechanical pressure
• What does the bulbous corpuscle detect?

  Skin stretch
• What does the bulboid corpuscle detect?

  Cold
• What does the tactile corpuscle detect?

  Change in texture and slow vibrations
• What does the lamellar corpuscle detect?

  Pressure and fast vibrations
• What does the discoid terminal free nerve ending detect?

  Sustained touch and pressure
• What do nociceptors detect?

  Pain
• What can free nerve endings act as?

  Nociceptors and thermoreceptors
• What are thermoreceptors?

  Receptors that detect temperature changes
• What do heat-specific thermoreceptors detect?


  Heat
• What do cold-specific thermoreceptors detect?

  Cold
• What are the learning objectives related to the integument?

  • Describe the functions of the integument
  • Describe thermoregulation and its importance
  • Describe temperature regulation as a negative feedback mechanism
  • Describe mechanisms of heat production and loss
  • Describe the function of brown adipose tissue
  • Describe vascular arrangements for thermoregulation
• What is homeostasis?

  Balance of internal parameters
• What internal parameters do animals need to maintain?

  Temperature, pH, and glucose levels
• Why is temperature important to maintain?

  Biological processes require optimum temperatures
• What are endotherms?

  Animals that derive heat from internal processes
• What are homeotherms?

  Animals that maintain a stable internal temperature
• What is the temperature range for mammals?

  36.5-39.5°C

  
• What is the temperature range for birds?

  38.0-43.0°C
• What happens when temperatures are too cold?

  Hypothermia can occur
• What are the stages of hypothermia?

  Mild, moderate, and severe
• What is the mild stage of hypothermia?

  Between ~32°C and normal (~37°C)
• What is the moderate stage of hypothermia?

  Between ~28°C and ~32°C
• What is the severe stage of hypothermia?

  Below ~28°C
• What happens when temperatures are too hot?

  Hyperthermia can occur