bio mols

• What is a major component of cells?

  Water
• Why is water considered a polar molecule?

  Due to uneven charge distribution within the molecule
• What role does water play in metabolic reactions?

  It acts as a metabolite in condensation and hydrolysis
• What gives water a slightly negative charge?

  The oxygen atom attracts electrons more strongly
• How does water function as a solvent?

  Many metabolic reactions occur in it
• What does high specific heat capacity of water mean?

  It requires a lot of energy to warm up
• How does water act as a buffer in living organisms?

  It minimizes temperature fluctuations
• What is the significance of water's latent heat of vaporization?

  It provides a cooling effect with little water loss
• How does cohesion in water molecules benefit plants?

  It enables effective transport in tube-like cells
• What is the maximum density of water?

  At 4 degrees Celsius
• Why does ice float on water?

  Because ice is less dense than water
• How does water provide support in organisms?

  It is incompressible
• What are monomers?

  Small units that form larger molecules
• What is a condensation reaction?

  It joins monomers by eliminating water
• What is hydrolysis?

  It adds water to break chemical bonds
• What elements do carbohydrates consist of?

  Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• What are saccharides?

  Long chains of sugar units
• What types of saccharides exist?

  Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
• How are disaccharides formed?

  By joining monosaccharides through glycosidic bonds
• What is glucose?

  A monosaccharide with six carbon atoms
• Why is glucose important?

  It is the main substrate for respiration
• What are the two isomers of glucose?

  Alpha and beta glucose
• What is maltose?

  A disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules
• What is sucrose?


  A disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose
• What is lactose?

  A disaccharide formed from glucose and galactose
• What are polysaccharides made from?

  Many glucose units joined together
• What are glycogen and starch formed from?

  Condensation of alpha glucose
• What is the main function of glycogen?

  Energy storage in animals
• How is glycogen structured?

  It has many side branches for quick energy release
• What is starch's role in plants?

  Stores energy
• What are the two polysaccharides that make up starch?

  Amylose and amylopectin
• What is amylose?

  An unbranched chain of glucose molecules
• How does amylose's structure affect its function?

  It is coiled and compact for energy storage
• What is amylopectin?

  A branched chain of glucose molecules
• How does amylopectin's structure benefit energy release?

  It is rapidly digested by enzymes
• What is cellulose's role in plants?

  Component of cell walls
• What is the structure of cellulose?

  Long, unbranched chains of beta glucose
• What are microfibrils?

  Strong threads made of cellulose chains
• What is the function of microfibrils in plants?

  Provide structural support in plant cells
• What are lipids soluble in?

  Organic solvents like alcohols